2. Joints + fractures

Question 1

3 types of joints

Answer 1

1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

Question 2

Fibrous joints

Answer 2

no joint cavity

no movement

Question 3

3 sub-types of fibrous joints

Answer 3

1) Sutures of skull 2) Syndesmoses between tibia and fibula 3)Gomphoses of teeth + maxilla

Question 4

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

• bone joins with Cartilage - Type I + Type II

Question 5

Type I cartilaginous joint

Answer 5

hyaline cartilage only

never breaks

Question 6

Type II Cartilaginous joint

Answer 6

-2 types of Cartilage: hyaline + Fibrocartilage

Question 7

6 features of Synovial joints

Answer 7

1) bone ends covered in hyaline Cartilage 2) joint surrounded by capsule 3) within the capsule is a joint cavity 4) capsule reinforced outside by ligaments 5) cavity lined inside by synovial membrane 6) joint capable of varying degree of movements

Question 8

Synovium

Answer 8

contains fibroblasts

secrete hyaluronic acid for lubrication

Question 9

how many types of synovial joint

Answer 9

6

Question 10

Joint stability is conferred by which 3 things ?

Answer 10

1) Joint shape 2) Ligaments 3) Tendons + muscles

Question 11

Fracture

Answer 11

Break or crack in a bone

Question 12

Osteoporosis

Answer 12

condition that weakens bones

more likely to break

Question 13

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 13

• group of genetic disorders - bones that break easily

Question 14

Nightstick fracture

Answer 14

isolated fractures of the ulna

mid-diaphysis

direct blow

Question 15

Monteggia fracture

Answer 15

fracture of proximal 3rd of ulna

dislocation of head of radius

indirect blow

Question 16

Closed fracture

Answer 16

• no break in skin or protrusion of bone fragment

Question 17

Open fracture

Answer 17

• skin broken, usually with fragment protruding

Question 18

Answer 18

Buckle fracture

Question 19

Answer 19

Greenstick fracture

Question 20

Salter-Harris classification of growth plate injuries Mnemonic : SALTR

Answer 20

Type1: S= slipped 5-7% = through growth plate

Type 2: A = above 75% = through growth plate + metaphysis

Type 3: L = lower 7-10% = through growth plate + epiphysis

Type 4: T = through 10% = through metaphysis, growth plate + epiphysis

Type 5: R = ruined <1% = crushing type injury - growth plate not displaced but damaged by direct compression

Question 21

Stress fracture

Answer 21

• very small sliver or crack in bone - x-rays don’t show any evidence of them - 2 types: fatigue fracture + insufficiency fracture

Question 22

Fatigue fracture

Answer 22

• application of abnormal stress to bone with normal elastic resistance

Question 23

Insufficiency fracture

Answer 23

• when normal stress is placed on a bone with deficient elastic resistance

Question 24

Compression fracture

Answer 24

• most common in vertebrae - vertebral body compressed to a smaller height -occurs from trauma or osteoporosis

Question 25

Answer 25

Colles fracture (dinner fork deformity) fracture through distal metaphysis of radius no further than 4cm proximal to distal articulate surface of radius

Question 26

Avulsion fracture

Answer 26

- tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of the bone

Question 27

Answer 27

hyaline cartilage

Question 28

Answer 28

elastic cartilage

Question 29

Answer 29

fibrocartilaginous cartilage

Question 30

Fracture repair

Answer 30

- First aid stabilize the break with a splint - Diagnosis via X-ray - Returned to their natural positions manually (reduction). This is very painful without anesthesia.

Question 31

3 major phases of fracture healing

Answer 31

1. Reactive Phase 2. Reparative Phase 3. Remodeling Phase

Question 32

Reactive phase of fracture healing

Answer 32

Short period of bleeding hematoma (6-8 hours post injury) No blood flow between the 2 broken bone ends Cells in the fracture hematoma begin to die inflammatory response + swelling occurs Blood capillaries grow into fracture hematoma Phagocytes & osteoclasts remove dead cells

Question 33

Reparative Phase of fracture healing

Answer 33

proximal periosteal cells → chondroblasts →form hyaline cartilage periosteal reaction distal periosteal cells →osteoblasts → form woven bone 2 new tissues grow form a fracture callus

Question 34

Remodeling Phase of fracture healing

Answer 34

Cancellous bones are replaced with compact bone in the cortex of the bone Callus is removed Fracture site is remodelled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 35

plane joint

Answer 35

sliding movement only

Question 36

pivot joint

Answer 36

1 plane rotation

Question 37

saddle

Answer 37

2 planes of movement + controlled rotation

Question 38

ellipsoid joint

Answer 38

2 planes

Question 39

ball and socket joint

Answer 39

multiaxial in 3 planes

Question 40

hinge joint

Answer 40

1 plane, sometimes rotation

Question 41

most common fractures in people with osteoporosis

Answer 41

wrist hip vertebrae