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HSCI 2211 - Final Exam > 2 - Metabolic Syndrome > Flashcards

2 - Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

IDF definition of Metabolic Syndrome

A

A cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors: diabetes and prediabetes, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.

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2
Q

Metabolic syndrome is defined by the presence of what and how many risk factors?

A

3 of: increase in fasting plasma glucose, increased blood pressure, low levels of plasma cholesterol bound to HDL, increased concentration of plasma triglycerides, and/or abdominal or central obesity.

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3
Q

Waist circumference thresholds

A

102cm in men, 88cm in women

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4
Q

Cardiometabolic risk factors are factors that can increase your risk of….

A

heart disease and diabetes

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5
Q

Examples of cardiometabolic risk factors

A

High triglycerides, high LDL-c, low HDL-c, inflammatory markers, elevated blood glucose, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and intra-abdominal adiposity.

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6
Q

Global cardiometabolic risk factors (classical)

A

High blood glucose, high LDL, hypertension and smoking.

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7
Q

Global cardiometabolic risk factors (emerging)

A

Insulin resistance, low HDL, high triglycerides, inflammatory markers.

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8
Q

What concept is cardiometabolic risk based on?

A

Risk continuum.

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9
Q

Global cardiometabolic risk

A

The overall risk of developing type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases, due to a cluster of modifiable risk factors.

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10
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

the pancreas

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11
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Allows cells to take in glucose and use it for energy.

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12
Q

Insulin resistance

A

Cells no longer respond to insulin and therefor glucose can’t enter the cell.

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13
Q

Is CVD mortality decreased or increased in a person with metabolic syndrome?

A

Increased

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14
Q

What components of metabolic syndrome can predict coronary heart disease?

A

Thrombosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease.

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15
Q

What two diseases does metabolic syndrome increase the risk for?

A

Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.

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16
Q

What does visceral adipose tissue refer to?

A

Belly fat

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17
Q

What is visceral adipose tissue associated with?

A

High triglycerides, low HDL-C, small dense LDL particles, high insulin/glucose, high blood pressure, prothrombotic state, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.

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18
Q

What are the two most significant risk factors for metabolic syndrome?

A

Insulin resistance and central obesity

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19
Q

In what way is age a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

A

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age.

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20
Q

What races or ethnic groups have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome?

A

African-american and mexican-american.

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21
Q

What BMI and what type of obesity is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

A

BMI 25+ and abdominal fat.

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22
Q

What types of histories can be a risk for metabolic syndrome?

A

Family history, history of type 2 diabetes, and/or a history of diabetes during pregnancy.

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23
Q

What other diseases can increase your risk for metabolic syndrome?

A

Hypertension, CVD, polycystic ovary syndrome.

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24
Q

Why is belly fat specifically a risk factor as opposed to all fat?

A

Belly fat secretes inflammatory substances.

25
Q

With insulin resistance, what parts of your body can’t use the insulin?

A

Muscles, fat, and liver cells.

26
Q

How does the pancreas respond to insulin resistance?

A

It produces more and more insulin.

27
Q

What happens to glucose if a person has insulin resistance?

A

Glucose builds up in the blood stream

28
Q

What levels of glucose after an overnight fast is considered to be an indicator of prediabetes?

A

6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L (according to guidelines)

99-120mg/dl (According to Dr. Pollard)

29
Q

Most people diagnosed with prediabetes will develop diabetes in how many years?

A

10 years

30
Q

How does hypertension lead to atherosclerosis?

A

High blood pressure exerts mechanical stress on the arteries. This results in chronic endothelial damage and the onset of atherosclerosis.

31
Q

Thrombogenicity

A

The tendency of a material in contact with the blood to form a blood clot.

32
Q

Pro-thrombotic state

A

Endothelial dysfunction, enhanced coagulation, impaired fibrinolysis, platelet dysfunction, and a higher risk for venous thrombosis.

33
Q

Fibrionolysis

A

Clot prevention

34
Q

How do macrophages trigger inflammation?

A

Macrophages invade excess adipose tissue, resulting in the release of cytokines. Cytokines trigger inflammation.

35
Q

How does inflammation trigger CVDs?

A

Inflammation increases the likelihood of plaque rupture.

36
Q

What is endothelial dysfunction?

A

Damage to the insides of arteries.

37
Q

What is the primary clinical outcome of hyperglycemia?

A

Microvascular disease (chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy)

38
Q

What does microvascular disease excellerate?

A

Development of congestive heart failure. Also contributes to atherogenesis.

39
Q

Atherogenesis

A

Development of plaques inside blood vessel walls.

40
Q

How does metabolic syndrome progress without treatment?

A

Metabolic syndrome -> Pre-diabetes -> Diabetes/CVD

41
Q

Complications of metabolic syndrome

A

Type 2 diabetes, essential hypertension, PCOS, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, CVDs, and cancer.

42
Q

Odds ratio

A

A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

43
Q

Risk ratio.

A

The ratio of the probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group.

44
Q

A risk ratio of less than 1 means…

A

A reduction in risk in the exposed group.

45
Q

A risk ratio of more than 1 means…

A

Exposed group has a higher risk than unexposed group.

46
Q

Odds ratio equals 1

A

Exposure does not affect odds of outcome

47
Q

Odds ratio less than 1

A

Exposure associated with higher odds of outcome

48
Q

Odds ratio greater than 1

A

Exposure associated with lower odds of outcome

49
Q

Risk ratio equals 1

A

Exposure associated with the same odds of outcome.

50
Q

What is the #1 risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

A

Age

51
Q

What percent of the population has metabolic syndrome?

A

20%

52
Q

Incidence of metabolic syndrome increases with…

A

Age and increase in obesity

53
Q

Is there any specific pharmacotherapy for metabolic syndrome?

A

No.

54
Q

What are the 3 underlying causes responsible for the epidemic of metabolic syndrome?

A

Environmental causes, insulin resistance, and inflammation.

55
Q

Primary prevention of metabolic syndrome

A

Lifestyle changes: weight reduction, change in dietary choices, and an increase in physical activity.

56
Q

Secondary prevention of metabolic syndrome

A

Screening and public education.

57
Q

Types of secondary prevention screening for metabolic syndrome

A

Screening for blood sugar/A1C, lipids, blood pressure.

58
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Minimize risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD, by treating each component/risk factor, such as obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, lipid disorders and hypertension.

59
Q

Determinants that can influence how hungry a person is…

A

Biological, ecological, physical, social, psychological, and attitudes/beliefs/knowledge about food.

HSCI 2211 - Final Exam (11 decks)

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