Characteristics of Neoplasia
- Monoclonal
- Uncontrolled
- Irreversible
What can you use to determine monoclonality of a cell line?
G6PD Isoform
Clonality of B Cells can be determined via which method?
Ig Light Chain Phenotype
Aflatoxins usually cause what kind of carcinomas?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Alkylating agents are associated with what kind of cancers?
Lymphoma
Asbestos is associated with what kind of cancers?
Lung cancer and Mesothelioma
Arsenic is associated with what kind of cancers?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lung Cancer
Angiosarcoma
Patients exposed to asbestos are more prone to developing this kind of cancer
Lung Cancer > Mesothelioma
Most carcinogenic component of cigarette smoke
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Nitrosamines are associated with what kind of cancers?
Stomach Cancer
EBV is associated with which cancers?
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
CNS Lymphoma
EBV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is associated with these kinds of patients
Chinese Males
African Americans
HHV-8 is associated with which cancer?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
HBV and HCV are associated with which cancer?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
What are the high risk HPV subtypes?
16, 18, 31, 33
Ionizing radiation is commonly associated with this cancer
AML
CML
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (Most common)
Most common source of non-ionizing radiation
UV-B (Sunlight)
Astrocytomas are related to which oncogene overexpression?
PDGFB
Platelet Derived Growth Factor B
Overexpression of ERB2B2 (HER2/Neu) is linked to what kind of cancers?
Breast Carcinoma
Overexpression of RET is associated with what kind of cancers?
MEN 2A
MEN 2B
(Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Overexpression of KIT is associated with what kind of tumors?
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
What category of protooncogene is HER2/Neu
Growth Factor Receptor
What category of protooncogene is PDGF
Growth Factor
What category of protooncogene is RAS GEne Family
Signal Transducers
What category of protooncogene is c-MYC
Nuclear Regulators
What category of protooncogene is CDK4
Cell Cycle Regulation
What category of protooncogene is RET
Growth Factor Receptor
What category of protooncogene is KIT
Growth Factor Receptor
What category of protooncogene is CCND1
Cell Cycle Regulation
RAS associates with GTP to send signals, what protein helps cleave a phosphate off GTP to turn it off?
GTP-ase Associated Protein
GAP
ABL protooncogene overexpression is associated with which cancers?
CML
Some ALLs
Philadelphia Chromosome is a translocation of which gene? Which cancer is it associated with?
Translocation of Chromosome 9 and 22
ALL
Burkitt Lymphoma is associated with which protooncogene?
c-MYC
N-MYC upregulation is associated with which tumor?
Neuroblastoma
Burkitt Lymphoma is caused by a translocation of the MYC gene from which chromosome to the IgH of which chromosome?
IgH of Chromosome 14 to the MYC gene of Chromosome 8
t(8,14)
CCND1 (Cyclin D1) is associated with which tumors?
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
How does an overexpression of Cyclin D1 cause unregulated growth
Allows the cell to go from G1 to S phase
Mantle Cell Lymphoma is caused by a translocation of which genes on which chromosomes?
Translocation of the IgH on Chromosome 14 and the CCND1 on Chromosome 11
t(11,14)
What is the hallmark of malignancy?
Metastatic Potential
What intermediate filament is associated with Epithelium?
Keratin
What intermediate filament is associated with Mesenchyme?
Vimentin
What intermediate filament is associated with Muscle?
Desmin
What intermediate filament is associated with Neuroglia?
GFAP
What intermediate filament is associated with Neurons?
Neurofilament
If a specimen is PSA positive under immunohistochemistry, what kind of cell is the specimen?
Prostatic Epithelium
If a specimen is Chromogranin positive under immunohistochemistry, what kind of cell is the specimen?
Neuroendocrine Cells
If a specimen is S-100 positive under immunohistochemistry, what kind of cell is the specimen?
Melanoma
A pathologist reports that a tumor specimen is keratin positive, what type of tumor are you dealing with?
A. Carcinoma
B. Melanoma
C. Lymphoma
D. Sarcoma
A. Carcinoma
Epithelium-derived due to Keratin
What is the serum tumor marker released by prostate cancer?
PSA
Single most important prognostic factor for malignant tumors
Metastasis
How does downregulation of E-Cadherin promote invasion and local growth?
Cadherins keep cells attached to one another, destruction allows the cell to spread locally
The Basement Membrane is composed of?
Laminin
Collagen IV
What do malignant cells attach to in the extracellular matrix to spread locally?
Fibronectin
What is the characteristic spread of carcinomas?
Lymphatic Spread
What is the characteristic spread of sarcomas?
Hematogenous Spread
Which carcinomas spread hematogenously?
Renal Cell Carcinoma (Renal Vein)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatic Vein)
Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Choriocarcinoma
What is the characteristic spread of ovarian carcinoma?
Body cavity seeding (Omentum of the abdomen)