Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEUROSCIENCE > 2 – Neural Development > Flashcards

2 – Neural Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development of NS marks the creation of:

A

-the first organ system
>not the first system to be functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurulation:

A

-process of ectoderm folding to become the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neural crest develops:

A

-PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neural tube develops:

A

-CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neural tissue develops from:

A

-a small portion of the ectoderm
>notochord (central mesoderm) signals with sonic the hedgehog to ectoderm=differentiation to become neuroectoderm (CNS)
-several layers of ectoderm migrate laterally to form neural crest (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neural fold will:

A

-fuse at midline (dorsally and transversely)
>gives rise to neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neural tube:

A

-fuses and extends in a cranial and caudal fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anterior neuropore:

A

-gives rise to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Posterior neuropore:

A

-give rise to brain stem and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somites:

A

-lateral collection of specialized mesoderm (paraxial mesoderm)
-forms bones, muscles, and connective tissue of the vertebral column and rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Failure of neural tube closure due to:

A

-not enough proper nutrients and vitamins (ex. folic acid)
-viruses
>maternal illness such as diabetes can also affect neural tube development
*failure of neural tube closure results in development abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What nutrients and vitamins are critical for proper embryogenesis (neural tube closure)?

A

-many
*folic acid (Vitamin B9) seems to very important in preventing neural tube defects
>supports cell development and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Common neural tube defects:

A

-anencephaly
-spinal bifida
-dermoid sinus
-tethered cord syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anencephaly:

A

-head of neural tube does not close
-absence of major portion of brain, skull and scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spinal bifida:

A

-incomplete closing of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dermoid sinus:

A

-incomplete separation of neural tube (neuroectoderm from ectoderm)
>viruses can get in as there is a direct connection into NS from the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tethered cord syndrome:

A

-tissue attaches itself to the SC
>limits the movement of the SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Failure of neural tube closure: Manx cats example

A

-caudal neural tube defect (incomplete closure)
-results in vary types of detects
-stumpies and rumpies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vary types of defects in Manx cats include:

A

-no tail/vertebrae
-no caudal SC
-pelvic limb dysfunction (mild, moderate, severe)
-death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stumpies vs. rumpies: Manx cats

A

-stumpies: short tail
-rumpies: no tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Failure of neural tube closure: Rhodesian Ridgebacks

A

-incomplete closure of neural tube (dorsally)=dermoid sinus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dermoid sinus formation: Rhodesian Ridgebacks

A

-ectoderm (skin) is incompletely separate from neuroectoderm (SC)
-various depths are observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ectoderm (skin) being incompletely separate from neuroectoderm (SC) causes:

A

-abnormal hair growth
>often longer
>grows in opposite direction
>darker pigmented hairs

24
Q

After neural tube is formed and closed:

A

-development of NS continues
>still not functional

25
Q

Ependymal cells:

A

-line the neural tube
*neural stem cells
-really important early on, and hang around in adulthood

26
Q

5 processes for the developing CNS:

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell migration and differentiation
  3. Axonal outgrowth and pathfinding
  4. Synapse formation and remodeling
  5. Myelination
27
Q

Cell division:

A

-cells of neuroectoderm have been fated to become neural cells (neural SC=NSC)
>line the wall of ependyma

28
Q

2 characteristics of NSCs:

A

-mitosis
-multipotent
*retained in adult mammals, allow for some regenerative capacity within the NS

29
Q

NSCs mitosis:

A

-rapid expansion of cell numbers is required to build a functional NS

30
Q

NSCs multipotent:

A

-multiple possible cell types originating from a single SC
>must become something in the NS, but can make many things within the NS

31
Q

NSC can become:

A

-neural progenitor cell (NPC)
-glial progenitor cell (GPC)

32
Q

Neural and glial progenitor cells can become:

A

-neuron
-astrocyte
-oligodendrocyte

33
Q

Cell migration/differentiation:

A

-various growth factors and signalling molecules involved
>differentiating neural SC and guiding their migration to final destinations
*cells push laterally as they grow/differentiate

34
Q

Axonal outgrowth and pathfinding:

A

*highly complex process
-chemicals can act as both repellents and attracts to guide migration of neural cells to their final destination

35
Q

Another example of axonal outgrowth and pathfinding:

A

-outgrowth and pathfinding guides visual pathways
>crossed and uncrossed pathways

36
Q

Synapse formation and remodeling:

A

-early neural development creates an excess number of initial synapses
>temporary, and non-precise
-unclear about exact process of ‘pruning’ axonal connections during maturation

37
Q

‘pruning’:

A

-are they effective connections?
-is there stronger electrical activity
>“use it or lose it”
*if don’t do this=might get wrong information or not strong enough (ex. autism)

38
Q

Myelination:

A

-performed by oligodendrocytes
-occurs late in development (post-natal and into adolescence)
*can’t happen until axons are fully formed or it will get in the way
>don’t want to myelinate if it isn’t a ‘good’ axon

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes are derived from:

A

-glial progenitor cells (GPCs)

40
Q

Development of brain:

A

-as rapid growth of cells continue, neural tube changes shape
>internal canal becomes central canal and ventricles
-tissue expands laterally and dorso-ventrally from the alar, basal, roof and floor plates

41
Q

Internal canal and ventricles become:

A

-internal canal: spinal cord
-ventricles: brain

42
Q

Rostral neural tube (neuropore) gives rise to 3 vesicles:

A

-prosencephalon (forebrain)
-mesencephalon (midbrain)
-rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
*expand to 5 brain regions

43
Q

Prosencephalon brain regions:

A

-telencephalon
-diencephalon
*forebrain

44
Q

Telencephalon:

A

-cerebrum
>biggest part of the brain

45
Q

Diencephalon:

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-has an outpouching for optic cup
*hindbrain

46
Q

Rhombencephalon brain regions:

A

-metencephalon
-myelencephalon

47
Q

Metencephalon:

A

-pons
-cerebellum

48
Q

Myelencephalon:

A

-medulla

49
Q

During brain development , internal lumen is retained:

A

-within all the divisions of the brain
-ependymal layer
-forms the ventricular system
>allows all divisions of the brain to be connected
*nourishment to the brain and a cushion

50
Q

Cerebrum ventricular system:

A

-lateral
>largest pockets of CSF

51
Q

Diencephalon ventricular system:

A

-third ventricle (III)

52
Q

Midbrain ventricular system:

A

-mesencephalic aqueduct

53
Q

Pons/medulla ventricular system:

A

-fourth ventricle (IV)

54
Q

Spinal cord ventricular system:

A

-central canal

55
Q

Spinal cord develops from:

A

-caudal neuropore
>closure of the caudal neural tube

56
Q

Expansion of alar and basal plates gives rise to (SC development)

A

-bilaterally symmetrical pattern of the dorsal and ventral grey matter
>mostly neuronal cell bodies and some supporting (glial) cells

57
Q

Marginal layer (SC development) becomes the:

A

-surrounding white matter
>myelinated tracts of axons that are coming off of cell bodies in the grey matter

NEUROSCIENCE (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions