Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > 2: Neurology + Development - Squint, Autism > Flashcards

2: Neurology + Development - Squint, Autism Flashcards

1
Q

What is strabismus

A

misalignment of the visual axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two main types of squint

A
  • Non- paralytic (Concomitant)

- Paralytic (Non-concomitant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is non-paralytic squint also known as

A

Concomitant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what causes a non-paralytic squint commonly

A

Most commonly due to refractive errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are other causes of a concomitant squint

A

Cataracts
Retinoblastoma
Intraoccular occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what typically causes a paralytic squint

A

Often due to weakness of intra-occur muscles caused by denervation of cranial nerves. Therefore, check for intra-cranial lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is a concomitant squint usually divergent or convergent

A

Convergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does a concomitant squint occur

A

Occurs in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a convergent squint also called

A

Esotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what eye abnormality can lead to convergent squint

A

Hypermetropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the risk of squints

A

The brain will not process the abnormal image. This affects development of the visual pathway causing visual amblyopia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is divergent squint also referred to as

A

Exotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is exotropia

A

Bad-eye is turned outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a latent squint

A

When normally squint does not manifest as it is controlled by subconscious methods. However, when the individual is tired and subconscious control is lost, it may manifest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a pseudo squint

A

Where an individual has wide epicanthic folds making it appear that they have a squint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are three indications for an ophthalmology review

A
  • Divergent squint
  • Suspect paralytic squint
  • Squint does not resolve in 2 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two tests for a squint

A
  • Corneal Reflection Test

- Cover Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the corneal light reflection test

A

Light is shone on the cornea. If no squint is present, it should be reflected back equally on both sides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cover test

A

Each eye is covered up in turn. Movement is looked for in the uncovered eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the cover test in a convergent squint

A

When the good eye is covered the ‘bad’ eye will move temporally to assume its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the cover test in a divergent squint

A

When to good eye is covered the ‘bad’ eye will more nasally to take up its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three ‘O’s of managing a squint

A

Optics
Orthoptics
Operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the ‘Optic’ of managing squint

A

Use cyclopentolate to relax the ciliary bodies and check the eye for refractive errors

24
Q

What is used to correct refractive errors

25
What is the orthoptics 'O' of managing squints
Use an eye patch to cover the good eye - this will encourage use of the eye with the squint
26
What operations may correct squint
Botox - may be used | Surgical resection to re-align rectus muscle
27
When should squint be treated by and why
If not treated within 7-years it can cause strabismus ambylopia
28
Explain strabismus amblyopia
In strabismus, there is discrepancy in two images projecting to the brain from the different eyes. This causes the brain to ignore input from one or both eyes. Lack of visual stimuli during plastic period (7-years) leads to cortical blindness
29
What are 4 common causes fo squint
Refractive Error Congenital Cataracts Browns syndrome Duane's retraction syndrome
30
What refractive error mostvcommonly causes squint
Hypermetropia
31
What is Brown's syndrome
Eyes cannot move upwards
32
What is Duane's retraction syndrome
Eyes cannot turn to the side
33
How did the DSM4 describe autism
autism was one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). That also included Aspergers, childhood disintegrative disorder and not other specified
34
In the DSM4 what was asperger's syndrome
Some features of autism but with no delay in cognition or language
35
what is child disintergration disorder
Child develops normally - then regresses in terms of social or language development from 2-10 years
36
what was not other specified in DSM4
Meet some features of autism
37
Describe autism in the DSM5
Autism spectrum disorder encompasses all of the above disorders of varying severity - it is scale on social communication and interaction deficits
38
What is the prevalence of autism
1:200
39
What gender are impacted more by autism
Males
40
What chromosome is associated with autism
11p12
41
What environmental factors contribute to autism
- Teratogens | - Peri-natal infection
42
When are children with autism often identified
2-4 years. As this is when language develops the most
43
What are the three features of autism
1. Impaired reciprocal social interaction 2. Poor range of activities + interests 3. Impaired imagination
44
Explain impaired reciprocal social interaction
- Does not wave bye-bye - Unaware to feelings of others - Abnormal response to being hurt - Repetitive play
45
Explain poor range of activities and interests
- Sterotyped movements - Upset over trial things - Follows routine - Narrow fixation eg. lines toys up
46
Explain impaired imagination (language + communication)
- Poor babbling and facial expression - Avoids eye contact - Odd speech - Difficultly reciprocating conversation
47
What are 5 associations with ASD
1. Learning difficulties 2. Intellectual impairment 3. Epilepsy 4. ADHD 5. Rett Syndrome
48
What is Rett syndrome
Condition in girls 6-18. Present with hand wringing, odd facial expressions, sudden bouts of laughter, hand licking or hair grasping and chorea.
49
Explain how ASD is diagnosed
- Parents keep behaviour diary - Modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT) can be used as a screening tool - Diagnosis is made by MDT assessment based on symptoms on ICD10
50
What is implemented to treat ASD
- Early intensive behavioural therapy including parent training, SALT, social skills training
51
What is early intensive behavioural therapy
special schooling before 3-years to improve communication and motor skills.
52
What is the benefit of parent training
improves parent-child interaction Reduces maternal depression
53
What medical treatment may be given in ASD for aggression
Risperidone
54
What medical treatment may be given in ASD for poor sleep
Melatonin
55
What medication may be given in ASD for repetitive behaviour
SSRIs

Paediatrics (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions