2 - Obesity and Nutrition Flashcards by Joanna Brown

White adipose tissue (WAT) functions as a ______ organ

endocrine!

secretes adipokines that function like hormones with autocrine/paracrine/endocrine actions to refulate energy homeostasis

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How is adipose tissue type classified?

by color

White (WAT)

Brown (BAT)

Beige (bAT)

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Most adipose tissue is classified as:

WAT

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Which is visceral WAT more likely to do if excess fat is generated:

hypertrophy or adipogenesis?

hypertrophy

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Which subcutaneous fat more likely to do if excess fat is produced:

Adipogenesis or hypertrophy

adipogenesis

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Which is harder on your body: hypertrophy or adipogenesis?

Hypertrophy

Adipogenesis leads to smaller adipocytes with greater fat storage capacity

Produces more leptin, less adiponecting, and fewer inflammatory mediators

Has a lower associated with insulin resistance

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The complications of obesity are in large part due not just to the amount of fat in the body, but _______

where the fat is stored in the body

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What effect does estrogen have on fat storage?

Enhances the deposition of fat in the SubQ tissue, inhibits it in visceral tissue

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Why are premenopausal women more likely to have peripheral fat, while menopausal women and men are more likely to have visceral fat?

Estradiol increases alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in SQ tissue but not visceral

Alpha receptors outnumber beta receptors, so lipolysis is lower in SQ tissues

The reverse is true in the visceral tissue

hence, women with estradiol burn less SQ fat than visceral fat

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Brown adipocytes have ______ vacuole(s)

White adipocytes have ______ vacuole(s)

multiple

one

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Why are BAT brown?

Large numbers of mitochondria

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Describe how BAT increases body heat

Activation of Uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1) promotes mitochondrial respiration

dissipates chemical energy as heat from increased flucose and FFA oxidation

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What stimulates BAT heat generation?

exposure to cold

SNS

catecholamines

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How is BAT related to BMI and age

inversely

the higher the BMI, the less BAT

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Production of bAT is called:

“the beiging of WAT”

Develops in response to chronic exposure to cold, with exercise

This is a reversible adaptation

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Which brain nucleus regulates food intake and metabolism?

Arcuate (hypothalamus)

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Neurons that promote appetite are called ______ neurons and are stimulated by ______

Neurons that inhibit appetite are called ______ neurons and are stimulated by _________

orexigenic

orexins

anorexigenic

anorexins

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Leptin is a product of the _____ gene and is expressed by _____ cells

Adipocyte

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High leptin levels inhibit ______ and stimulate _______

Low leptin levels inhibit _____ and stimulate _______

orexigenic, anorexic

anorexic, orexigenic

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What is leptin resistance?

Leptin levels increase with the number of adipocytes, leading to downregulation of receptors

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What does leptin resistance lead to?

Overeating

Hyperglycemia

Hyperinsulinemia

Hyperlipidemia

Inflammation

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What all does leptin regulate?

Satiety

Hepatic gluconeogenesis

insulin sensitivity

glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue

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Leptin resistance leads to ______ resistance

insulin

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What is the role of adiponectin in obesity?

produced by visceral adipose, cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle

insulin-sensitizing

anti-inflammatory

Plasma levels decrease with visceral obesity

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Why is adiponecting made in cardiomyocytes?

It is cardioprotective decreased levels associated with CAD

Where is Ghrelin produced? What does it do?

In the stomach mucosa in response to hunger stimulates food intake induces metabolis changes leading to increased weight and fat mass

Ghrelin stimulates the release of ______ hormone

What decreases Ghrelin levels?

Increased serum FFAs

How does obesity related to ghrelin?

Causes ghrelin resistance In obese people, ghrelin does not decrease after eating. Instead, it stays at a steady elevated level, with only slight dips after meals

CCK levels are _____ in obesity

decreased

Obesity produces a chronic state of _____ in WAT

inflammation

What are other terms for visceral obesity?

intraabdominal central masculine

What are other terms for peripheral obesity?

subcutaneous gluteal-femoral feminine

What is normal weight obesity?

Normal body weight and BMI with \>30% body fat

What is cachexia?

Cytokin-induced malnutrition physical wasting

What is refeeding syndrome?

In severely malnourished patients, their insulin levels are extremely low In addition, their plasma levels of electrolytes plummet, so K/Mg/Phos move out of the cell and into the plasma When feeding starts up again, the cells is hypersensitive to insulin, and starts sucking all those electrolytes back in Can lead to perilously low blood levels

How many calories are liberated from 1g of the following: Carbohydrates Fat Proteins

4 9 4

What are partial proteins?

Proteins that contain inadequate amounts of essential amino acids

Proteins derived from meats are usually \_\_\_\_\_\_ Proteins derived from vegetables are usually \_\_\_\_\_

complete less complete/partial

In vegetarian diets, the combination of ______ and _____ provides all the essential amino acids

corn legumes

The respiratory quotient for carbs is 1 the respiratory quotient for fats is 0.7 and proteins are 0.8 Why?

When carbs are metabolized with oxygen, exactly one CO₂ molecule is formed for every molecule of O₂ consumed for fat and proteins, a portion of the oxygen metabolised is required to combine with the excess hydrogen atoms, so less CO₂ is produced

Describe the respiratory quotient directly after a mixed meal? 8 hours later?

approaches one, as the body prioritizes carb metabolism All the carbs have been used or stored, and respiratory quotient approaches 0.7 (fat metabolism)

In severe diabetes, what would the respiratory quotient most likely be?

0.7, fat metabolism

What percentage of the average protein is nitrogen?

16%

What does it mean if someone has a negative nitrogen balance?

their body stores of protein are decreasing daily

What percentage of ingested energy actually reaches the cells?

27%

Which area in the brain contains the hunger and satiety centers?

The hypothalamus

The _______ of the hypothalamus serve as a feeding center

lateral nuclei

The ______ of the hypothalamus serves as a satiety center

ventromedial inhibits the feeding center

Destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus would cause:

voracious eating, up to four times normal

Are the following hormones anorexigenic or orexigenic? Leptin Serotonin Cortisol Insulin CCK Ghrelin

Leptin - Anorexigenic Serotonin - Anorexigenic Cortisol - Orexigenic Insulin - Anorexigenic CCK - Anorexigenic Ghrelin - Orexigenic

What suppresses appetite in the short term, preventing over eating?

1. Gastrointestinal filling sends stretch receptors via the vagus to suppress feeding centers 2. CCK activates receptors on local sensory nerves in the duodenuum, sends via the vagus 3. Oral receptors meter food intake (less of an impact than GI filling)

How does ghrelin affect feeding?

increases feeding

How does the hypothalamus sense energy storage?

leptin produced by adipocytes

Stimulation of leptin receptors in the CNS leads to:

1. hypothalamus suppresses AGRP 2. Hypothalamus stimulates POMC 3. hypothalamus increases CRH 5. decrease insulin secretion from pancreas

What is the calculation for BMI?

kg/m²

What kind of tumor is associated with progressive obesity?

hypophyseal tumor that encroach on the hypothalamus

Naltrexone is used in conjunction with _______ to reduce obesity

buproprion Crazy!

what is inanition?

opposite of obesity extreme weight loss

What is a vitamin?

organic compound needed in small quantities for normal metabolism that can't be manufactured in the cells of the body

What disease is caused by thiamine deficiency?

Beriberi

What is the pathogenesis of berberi?

thiamine deficiency caused decreased utilization of pyruvic acid and some amino acids by the tissues increases utilization of fats

What are the major effects of Beriberi?

1. lesions of the CNS and PNS (the brain is using ketone bodies instead of glucose, which causes swelling and inflammation) 2. cardiac failure and vasodilation 3. indigestion, severe constipation, anorexia, gastric atony, hypochlorhydria

Why is riboflavin's big role in body?

Required in the electron transport chain

Name the B Vitamins

1. Thiamine 2. Riboflavin 3. Niacin 5. Pantothenic Acid 6. Pyridoxine 9. Folic Acid 12. B12

What is the function of niacin in the body?

nicotinic acid NAD and NADP -\> ETC

Niacin deficiency is called _____ and results in people on a ______ diet

pellagra corn (corn lacks tryptophan, which can be convertered to niacin)

What is the role of Vitamin B₅? What does a deficiency cause

Pantothenic Acid = CoA depressed metabolism of carbs and fats

What is the role of pyroxidine in the body?

Vit B6 transaminatio of amino acids

What does Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency cause?

pernicious anemia demyelination of the large nerve fibers in the spinal cord

What are the major functions of B₁₂ in the body?

reduces ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, facilitating gene replication 1. promotion of growth 2. promotion of RBC formation and maturation

What is the role of Vitamin B9 in the body?

Folic Acid synthesis of purines and thymine, which are required for DNA synthesis

One of the most significant effects of Folic Acid deficiency is:

macrocytic anemia (almost identical to pernicious anemia)

What are the consequences of a Vitamin C deficiency?

weakens collagen fibers causes scurvy

How long does it take to get scurvy?

20-30 weeks

What are the effects of scurvy?

Fucked up collagen: 1. failure of wounds to heal 2. cessation of bone growth 3. blood vessel walls become extremely fragile

Vitamin E plays a protective role in the prevention of:

oxidation of unsaturated fats

Where is vitamin k synthesized?

bacteria in the colon

What usually causes Vit K deficiency?

problems with gut flora almost never caused by a decreased intake

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the major anion of intracellular fluid

phosphate

Zinc is an integral part of which enzymes?

carbonic anhydrase lactic dehydrogenase

How does fluorine make teeth stronger

It doesn't. It suppresses the cariogenic process.

2 - Obesity and Nutrition Flashcards

(82 cards)