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2. Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system an example of?

A

An organ system.

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2
Q

In plants, what are leaves examples of?

A

Organs.

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3
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a common function.

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4
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function working together.

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5
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions without changing chemically themselves.

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6
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are large protein molecules. They are made up of chains on amino acids folded together to make large complex models.

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7
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

Amino acids chains are folded to form the active site, which matches the shape of a specific substrate molecule.

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8
Q

Explain how enzymes act to speed up reactions in your body.

A

The substrate binds to the active site and the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme.

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all reactions in a cell or in a body.

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10
Q

How can a high temperature affect the nature of an enzyme?

A

High temperatures can denature the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site.

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11
Q

How can pH affect the nature of an enzyme?

A

pH can affect the shape of the active site of an enzyme and make it work very efficiently or stop it working.

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12
Q

What are the three types of
catalyst enzymes found in the body?

A

Amylase, protease and lipase.

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13
Q

What are digestive enzymes produced by?

A

Digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the digestive system.

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14
Q

What do proteases breakdown?

A

Proteases catalyse the the breakdown of proteins to amino acids.

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15
Q

What do lipases breakdown?

A

Lipases catalyse the breakdown of lipids to fatty acids.

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16
Q

What are the enzymes that break down carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrases.

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17
Q

What enzyme is the break down of proteins into amino acids catalysed by?

A

Protease.

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18
Q

Where in the body does the break down of proteins into amino acids take place?

A

The stomach and small intestine.

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19
Q

What are lipids broken down into and where in the body does this take place?

A

Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.

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20
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses the reaction where lipids are broken down called?

A

Lipase, which are made in the small intestine.

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21
Q

What happens once all of the food molecules have been digested completely?

A

They leave your small intestine and flow into your bloodstream to be carried to the cells that need them.

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22
Q

Explain why amylase, starch and iodine are used in investigating the affect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase.

A

Iodine forms a blue/black complex when starch is present, but does not react with glucose. In this investigation a blue/black solution of starch and iodine will change to brown as the enzyme amylase digests/breaks down the starch into sugar. The time taken for this reaction to occur is affected by temperature.

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23
Q

Is bile an enzyme?

A

No

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24
Q

What are examples of protease enzymes?

A

Trypsin and pepsin

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25
How does bile help with the digestion of lipids?
It emulsifies the lipids which increases the surface area for lipase enzymes to break them down.
26
The digestive system has two main roles. Briefly describe each of them.
Digestion - process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules Absorption - process of absorbing these small food molecules into the body
27
When we chew food, our teeth physically break the food down into smaller pieces. How does this help?
It increases the surface area for enzymes to act on. It make the food easier to swallow.
28
What is the official name for the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach?
Oesophagus
29
What are the three main roles of the stomach?
1. The stomach contracts its muscular walls to churn and mix the food. 2. It produces pepsin, which is a type of protease enzyme, and breaks proteins down into amino acids. 3. It produces hydrochloric acid, which a) provides the right pH for pepsin to function, and b) kills microorganisms.
30
What are the three main roles of the stomach?
1. The stomach contracts its muscular walls to churn and mix the food. 2. It produces pepsin, which is a type of protease enzyme, and breaks proteins down into amino acids. 3. It produces hydrochloric acid, which a) provides the right pH for pepsin to function, and b) kills microorganisms.
31
What are the main roles of bile?
Bile is made by the liver, but it is stored in the gallbladder, After we have meal, it is released into the small intestine where it helps in two ways: 1. One is to emulsify lipids, which means separate large droplets of lipid into smaller droplets. 2. The other is to neutralise the acid from the stomach, which bile can do because it is alkaline.
32
Which enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Amylase, proteases, and lipases
33
Which enzymes does the small intestine produce?
Amylase, proteases, and lipases
34
What is the main role of the large intestine?
Absorb water
35
Which test is used to detect the presence of reducing sugars (i.e. small sugars like glucose)?
Benedict's test
36
Does the Benedict's test require heating the sample in a water bath?
Yes
37
What does iodine test for?
Starch
38
Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of starch. If starch is present, which colour change takes place?
Orange to blue/black
39
Biuret reagent can be used to test for the presence of proteins. If protein is present, what colour change takes place?
Blue to pink/purple
40
Which reagent is used to test for the presence of lipids?
Sudan III stain
41
Which organ system are the lungs part of?
Respiratory system
42
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
Alveoli
43
What is the name of the process by which oxygen moves through the wall of the alveoli, into the blood?
Diffusion
44
How are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?
Their walls are only one cell thick which provides a short distance for diffusion There are many of them giving a large total surface area . They are moist, which allows the gases to dissolve, and therefore diffuse more easily.
45
Which structures connect the bronchi to the alveoli?
Bronchioles
46
Which gas diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, into the air in the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
47
Which substance inside red blood cells does oxygen bind to?
Haemoglobin
48
True or false? Carbon dioxide is transported around the body dissolved in the blood plasma.
True
49
What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
The blood, the blood vessels, and the heart.
50
What ventricle has thicker walls and why?
The left because it has to pump blood all the way around the body.
51
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
52
What is the order of the journey of blood around the body?
Body tissues ➔ vena cava ➔ right atrium ➔ right ventricle ➔ pulmonary artery ➔ lungs ➔ pulmonary vein ➔ left atrium ➔ left ventricle ➔ aorta ➔ body tissues
53
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
Aorta
54
Pacemaker cells are found in which chamber of the heart?
Right atrium
55
Describe the movement of blood between the ventricles and atria.
1. The walls of the atria contract, pushing blood into the relaxed ventricles. 2. The walls of the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart. At the same time, more blood will enter the now-relaxed atria. 3. The cycle repeats.
56
What is always true about arteries?
They carry blood away from the heart.
57
What is always true about veins?
They carry blood towards the heart.
58
What are the coronary arteries?
The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
59
What do capillaries do?
Capillaries carry blood through the body tissues, allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, to be exchanged between tissues and the blood.
60
Explain the structure and function of arteries.
1. Arteries are large and carry blood at a very high pressure. 2. Artery walls have a thick middle layer, containing both muscle and elastic tissue. 3. The muscle tissue provides strength, and allows the arteries to direct blood flow. 4. The elastic tissue allows the arteries to stretch and recoil. 5. Compared to their walls, arteries have a relatively narrow lumen, which keeps the blood pressure high.
61
Explain the structure and function of capillaries.
1. Capillaries are the smallest of the three blood vessels. 2. The role of capillaries is to exchange nutrients and waste products with the tissues. 3. Capillary walls are permeable, meaning substances are able to move through them. 4. Their walls are also only one cell thick which means a short distance for diffusion. 5. Capillaries carry blood at a low pressure and have a lower rate of flow than arteries.
62
Give an example of two of the nutrients that are exchanged between blood in the capillaries and body tissue.
Amino acids and glucose.
63
Give an example of two of the waste products that are exchanged between blood in the capillaries and body tissue.
Carbon dioxide and urea.
64
Explain the structure and function of veins.
1.The role of veins is to carry blood from the body (or lungs) back to the heart. 2. Veins are a similar size to arteries, but they have relatively thin walls and a relatively wide lumen 3. This is because they carry blood at a much lower pressure. 4. Veins also contain valves to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
65
How are red blood cells adapted for their function?
1. They have no nucleus to fit in more haemoglobin. 2. They have a biconcave shape to increase their surface area.
66
What is the role of white blood cells?
To defend against pathogens.
67
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.
68
How do antibodies help defend against pathogens?
They bind to pathogens and help immune cells destroy them.
69
What is the role of platelets?
To clot the blood when a blood vessel breaks.
70
Give two reasons why it is so important that our blood clots when we are cut.
Blood clotting is important because it prevents us from losing blood from the blood vessels, and it also prevents pathogens from entering the blood, which could cause infection.
71
What is the role of blood plasma?
To carry substances and cells around the body.
72
Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?
Aerobic respiration
73
Explain what coronary heart disease is.
1. Coronary arteries branch out of the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. 2. In coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get narrower. 3.This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle. 4. This can cause chest pain as the heart muscle is starved of oxygen, and in severe cases, can cause a heart attack.
74
How does a stent help treat coronary heart disease?
It expands within the artery to widen the lumen.
75
What are the benefits of stents when treating coronary artery disease?
1. The stents have an almost immediate effect. 2. Surgery is quick. 3. The stents can last a long time.
76
How do statins help treat coronary heart disease?
1. They decrease the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood. 2. They increase the amount of HDL cholesterol in the blood.
77
What are two problems that may be caused by faulty heart valves?
1. Blood can pass backwards through the valve. 2. Not enough blood can pass though the valve.
78
Explain how lost blood can be restored.
1.Artificial blood is basically a salt water solution. The main benefit is that it replaces the volume of liquid that you've lost, so your heart can continue to pump blood around the body. The downside is that it doesn't contain any red blood cells, so can't carry oxygen. 2. A blood transfusion contains real blood, which comes with red blood cells. This is far better, but often not as readily available as artificial blood.
79
What is meristem tissue and where is it found?
Meristem tissue is made up of plant stems cells. It's found in the growing parts of the plant such as the tips of shoots and roots.
80
Which part of the plant is glucose produced in?
Leaves
81
What do we call the movement of cell sap (a mixture of sugar and water) up and down the plant?
Translocation
82
What does the xylem transport in a plant?
Water and dissolved mineral ions
83
How do root hair cells absorb water from the soil?
Osmosis
84
How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil?
Active transport
85
Which substance are xylem cells reinforced with to make them stronger
Lignin
86
What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water from the leaves
87
Why does the rate of transpiration increase if the light intensity is increased?
The stomata open wider to let more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis.
88
Which 3 of the biological molecules below do we need in large quantities?
Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
89
Why do we need carbohydrates?
To provide energy for chemical reactions.
90
Which food group is the most important for growth and producing new cells?
Proteins
91
Which mineral is important for strong bones?
Calcium
92
Which vitamin or mineral ion is important for good vision and healthy hair and skin?
Vitamin A
93
Which disease can be caused by lack of vitamin C?
Scurvy
94
Explain why it is important that we get enough iron in our diet.
Iron is an important component of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that allows them to transport oxygen around the body A lack of iron (and hence haemoglobin), can lead to anaemia, where we can't transport enough oxygen to our tissues.
95
Why do we need fibre?
To help food move through our intestines
96
Which vitamin or mineral ion helps us to absorb calcium, and can be made by the body, using sunlight?
Vitamin D

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