2: Principles of Reproduction- Henry

Question 1

primary function of the testes

Answer 1

1. hormone production (testosterone)

2. sperm production aka spermatogenesis

Question 2

cells that lie between the tubules and produce testosterone

Answer 2

leydig cells

Question 3

part of the wall of the tubules and divides the tubules into two compartments

Answer 3

sertoli cells

Question 4

functions of the leydig cell

Answer 4

1. testosterone synthesis

2. testosterone secretion into the blood

Question 5

key functions of the sertoli cells

Answer 5

1. support germ cells
2. signal spermatogenesis
3. regulate pituitary function
4. produce androgen binding protein

Question 6

key regulator of testosterone production in leydig cells

Answer 6

LH

Question 7

key regulator of sertoli cell proliferation and semniferous tube growth

Answer 7

FSH

Question 8

______ regulate pulsatile release of gonadotropins which is impacted by multiple factors

Answer 8

GnRH

Question 9

from leydig cells, inhibits release of gonadotropins through negative feedback loop

Answer 9

testosterone

Question 10

from sertoli cells in response to FSH inhibits release through negative feedback

Answer 10

inhibin B

Question 11

blocks effects of inhibin B

Answer 11

activin

Question 12

LH promotes…

Answer 12

• cholesterol movement from outer to inner mitochondrial membrane by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
• conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

Question 13

enzyme specific to gonads that converts androstenedione to testosterone

Answer 13

17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Question 14

converts testosterone to 17b estradiol

Answer 14

aromatase

Question 15

which proteins are secreted testosterone bound to?

Answer 15

albumin
sex hormone binding globulin SHBG
androgen binding protein (from sertoli cells)

Question 16

DHT =

Answer 16

dihydrotestosterone

conversion to DHT from testosterone allows for prolonged androgen action

Question 17

epiphyseal closure, suppress osteoporosis, feedback regulation at hypothalamus

Answer 17

estradiol

Question 18

sexual development, pubic and underarm hair development, activity of sebaceous glands

Answer 18

DHT

Question 19

spermatogonia proliferation =_________. spermatid formation = __________.

Answer 19

mitosis

meiosis

Question 20

maturation of spermatids =

Answer 20

spermiogenesis

Question 21

release from sertoli cells =

Answer 21

spermiation

Question 22

how long does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 22

70 days

Question 23

___ and ____ are needed for complete maturation of the spermatozoa

Answer 23

FSH

testosterone

Question 24

prinicipal reproductive organ responsible for estrogen and progesterone production as well as the storage and release of the ovum

Answer 24

ovaries

Question 25

diploid oocyte remains arrested until....

Answer 25

signaled to undergo apoptosis or develop to haploid secondary oocyte

Question 26

oocytes associtae with follicular cells to form the _____

Answer 26

follicle follicle consists of internal granulosa cells and external thecal cells

Question 27

day 1- 14 = | day 15-28 =

Answer 27

``` follicular phase (estradiol) luteal phase (estradiol and progesterone) ```

Question 28

estradiol production is under control of

Answer 28

LH and FSH

Question 29

rise in estradiol produces a...

Answer 29

low-amplitude, high-frequency LH secretion needed for follicle development surge in estradiol also produces LH and FSH surge at mid-cycle which induces ovulation

Question 30

____ promotes proliferation of the endometrial lining

Answer 30

estrogen

Question 31

______ synthesize androstenedione in response to LH

Answer 31

theca cells

Question 32

androstenedione is converted to ______ in granulosa cells which is controlled by _____

Answer 32

estradiol | FSH

Question 33

ovulation is stimulated by a surge in _

Answer 33

LH

Question 34

______ is thermogenic and produces as 0.5-0.8 degree increase in BBT

Answer 34

pregesterone - can be used as an indicator of ovulation

Question 35

mid-cycle surge in LH induced by positive feedback of _______

Answer 35

high estrogen levels

Question 36

rise in progesterone and estradiol is under the control of ______

Answer 36

LH

Question 37

spike in inhibin B following ______. rise in inhibin A secretion during ______.

Answer 37

ovulation | luteal phase

Question 38

______ promotes differentiation of endometrial cells into secretory cells

Answer 38

progesterone

Question 39

androstenedione is converted to estradiol in the ________

Answer 39

luteinized granulosa cells

Question 40

if implantation occurs, the corpus luteum does not regress. Instead placetal derived ________

Answer 40

human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates ovarian steroidogenesis

Question 41

after week __, maintenance of pregnancy is not dependent on corpus luteum since the placenta can synthesize steroids

Answer 41

week 8

Question 42

hatching = | apposition =

Answer 42

break down of the zona pellucida trophoblastic cells of the balstocyst make contact with endometrium

Question 43

_____- send out protrusions and invade endometrium

Answer 43

syncytiotrophoblasts

Question 44

do maternal and fetal blood mix?

Answer 44

NO