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Microbiology > 2. Prokaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

2. Prokaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Cocci

A

spheres

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2
Q

Diplococci

A

pairs

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3
Q

streptococci

A

chains

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4
Q

staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters

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5
Q

tetrads

A

4 cocci in a square

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6
Q

sarcinae

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

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7
Q

bacilli

A

rods

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8
Q

coccobacilli

A

very short rods

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9
Q

vibrios

A

resemble rods, comma shaped

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10
Q

spirilla

A

rigid helices

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11
Q

spirochetes

A

flexible helices

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12
Q

mycelium

A

network of long, multinucleate filaments

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13
Q

pleomorphic

A

organisms that are variable in shape

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14
Q

size-shape relationship

A

-important for nutrient uptake
-surface to volume ratio (S/V)
-large size and odd shape may be protective mechanisms from predation

bigger cell, bigger volume
surface: volume ratio decreases as cell gets better which increases nutrients

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15
Q

plasma membrane functions

A

encompasses the cytoplasm; absolute requirement for all living organisms
-selectively permeable barrier
-interacts with external environment
1. receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings
2. transport systems
3. metabolic processes

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16
Q

bacteria and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. ester linkage
  2. bilayer
  3. fatty acids
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17
Q

archaeal cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. ether linkage
  2. either bilayer or monolayer
  3. phytanyl-isoprenes (NO FATTY ACIDS)
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18
Q

bacterial cell wall function

A
  1. maintains shape of the bacterium
  2. helps protect cell from osmotic lysis and toxic materials
  3. may contribute to pathogenicity
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19
Q

peptidoglycan (murein)

A

rigid structure lying just outside the cell plasma membrane

found in bacteria ONLY

pseudomurein is ONLY in archaea

20
Q

gram positive

A

stain purple
thick peptidoglycan

21
Q

gram negative

A

stain pink or red
thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

22
Q

peptidoglycan structure

A

-contains sugars + AA
-meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long strands

two alternating sugars
-NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
-NAM: N-acetylmuramic acid

alternating D- and L- amino acids

RIDIG IN CELL WALL

23
Q

Gram positive

A

Cell Wall
90% PG
10% techoic acids, lipotechoic acids

24
Q

Gram negative

A

Cell Wall
-outer membrane
-LPS + lipid A
-phospholipid
-porin

10% peptidoglycan –> periplasmic space (between outer membrane and plasma membrane)

(Lipid A is a toxin, gram - contains endotoxins)

less sensitive to antibiotics

25
Q

LPS -lipopolysaccharide layer

A

consists of three parts
1. lipid A
2. core polysaccharide
3. O side chain (O antigen)

Lipid A: buried in outer membrane
Core polysaccharide, O side chain: extend out from the cell

26
Q

Archaeal Cell Walls

A

no peptidoglycan
pseudomurein (pseudopeptidoglycan)
-found in cell walls of certain methanogenic Archaea
-polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan
-composed of NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid) , but no NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds instead of beta- 1,4

CANNOT be destroyed by lysozyme and penicillin (due to these bonds)

27
Q

Atypical Cell Walls

A

presence of mycolic acid (is waxy)
-mycobacterium
-nocardia

28
Q

mycobacterium and nocardia are

A

acid fast organisms
they require an application of acid alcohol in order to penetrate the layer and stain

29
Q

lack of a cell wall organisms:

A

mycoplasma
thermoplasma

30
Q

mycoplasma

A

-group of pathogenic bacteria related to gram-positives
-completely lack a cell wall
-walking pneumonia caused by mycoplasma

31
Q

thermoplasma

A

archaea
have tough cytoplasmic membranes (sterols or lipoglycans)

32
Q

components outside of the cell wall

A

-capsules
-slime layers
-pili and fimbriae
-flagella

33
Q

capsules

A

well organized and not easily removed from cell
usually composed of polysaccharides
visible in light microscope
protective advantages:
-resistant to phagocytosis
-protect from dessication
-exclude viruses and detergents
*more resistant to viral infection + control measures
*increases virulence - degree to which organisms can cause disease

34
Q

slime layers

A

similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed

slime may facilitate motility (prevent drying out)

35
Q

fimbriae & pili

A

short, thin, hairlike, protein appendages
can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake

36
Q

sex pili

A

longer, thicker, less numerous
genes for formation on plasmids
required for conjugation (facilitation of genetic exchange between cells)

37
Q

flagella

A

functions
-motility and swarming behavior
-attachment to surfaces
-may be virulence factors

38
Q

monotrichous flagellation

A

one flagellum

39
Q

lophotrichous flagellation

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

40
Q

peritrichous flagellation

A

spread over entire surface of cell

41
Q

motility

A

flagellar movement
swarming
spirochete motility
twitching and gliding motility
chemotaxis

42
Q

chemotaxis

A

move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away from harmful substances

move in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity

43
Q

spirochete motility

A

-multiple flagella form axial fibril which winds around the cell
-flagella remain in periplasmic space inside outer sheath
-corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements

44
Q

storage inclusions

A

-storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks
-glycogen storage
-carbon storage
-phosphate: polyphosphate
-amino acids: cyanophycin granules

45
Q

ribosomes

A

complex protein/ RNA structures
-sites of protein synthesis
-bacteiral and archaea ribosome

46
Q

the nucleoid

A

-usually not membrane bound (few exceptions)
-location of chromosome and associated proteins
-usually 1 closed circular, double-stranded DNA molecule= chromosome
-supercoiling and nucleoid proteins (different form histones) aid in folding

47
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA
-usually small, closed circular DNA molecules
exist and replicate independently of chromosome
-episomes: may integrate into chromsome
-inherited during cell division

classification via mode of existence, spread, and function

Microbiology (8 decks)

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