2-Rabies

Question 1

What disease has the highest case fatality proportion of any conventional infectious disease?

Answer 1

Rabies

Question 2

The rabies virus present in saliva late in infection is usually transmitted to susceptible hosts in what way?

Answer 2

By the bite of diseased animals.

Question 3

Rabies is the leading viral zoonosis in terms of what 2 things?

Answer 3

• Global public health

- Veterinary significance

Question 4

Rabies is caused by what viruses?

Answer 4

RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus

Question 5

What is the type species of the genus for rabies?

Answer 5

Rabies virus (RABV)

Question 6

How many other Lyssavirus species or “genotypes” cause rabies?

Answer 6

11

Question 7

What is the host range for rabies?

Answer 7

Very broad - all mammals can be affected

Question 8

T/F: RABV is not associated with bats outside of the Americas.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Sustained intraspecies maintenance of rabies is seen in what type of host?

Answer 9

Reservoir host

Question 10

Inefficient transmission is seen in what type of host?

Answer 10

Spillover host

Question 11

Biological susceptibility to an adapted virus variant that induces behavior changes that enhance viral transmission via saliva can be seen in what type of host?

Answer 11

Reservoir host

Question 12

What are 2 orders of species that can act as reservoir hosts for rabies?

Answer 12

• Carnivora (canids, skunks, raccoons, mongoose)

- Chiroptera (bats)

Question 13

Where is rabies distributed?

Answer 13

On all continents except Antarctica.

Question 14

T/F: There are no areas considered “free” of rabies.

Answer 14

False - several areas are considered “free” of the disease, including many islands in Pacific Oceania

Question 15

What threatens the disease-free status of many localities, due to he introduction of rabid animals?

Answer 15

Globalization

Question 16

About how many humans rabies deaths are estimated per year?

Answer 16

60,000

Question 17

How much is lost economically annually with rabies?

What are 2 causes of this loss?

Answer 17

• $8 billion US

- Premature death, post-exposure prophylaxis

Question 18

Most of the burden of rabies falls on what countries?

Answer 18

Developing countries

Question 19

What is the single most important global animal reservoir?

Answer 19

Domestic dogs

Question 20

What percentage of human cases contract rabies form domestic dogs?

Answer 20

> 95%

Question 21

What else is considered important concerning the burden of rabies,especially in developed countries, such as Europe and North America?

Answer 21

Wildlife

Question 22

What are 4 countries where rabies can be seen in the Caribbean mongoose?

Answer 22

• Puerto Rico
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic (and presumably Haiti)
• Grenada

Question 23

There is evidence of bat rabies on what 3 Caribbean islands?

Answer 23

• Cuba
• Grenada
• Trinidad

Question 24

Do mongoose on Trinidad carry rabies?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Is human rabies common or uncommon? | About how many cases per year?

Answer 25

- Uncommon | - About 1 to 8 cases per year

Question 26

Approximately how many cases of human exposures to rabies occur per year?

Answer 26

30,000 to 38,000

Question 27

Approximately how many animal rabies cases are diagnosed per year?

Answer 27

5,000 to 10,000

Question 28

T/F: Dog rabies virus transmission has been eliminated.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What are 5 examples of wildlife hosts of rabies?

Answer 29

- Raccoons - Skunks - Foxes - Mongoose - Bats

Question 30

Rabies in the USA is distributed in every state except which one?

Answer 30

Hawaii

Question 31

How good is rabies surveillance in animals?

Answer 31

Very good

Question 32

Who publishes an annual summary of rabies surveillance (runs about 1 years behind real time data)?

Answer 32

CDC

Question 33

In 2010, how many cases of rabid animals were reported?

Answer 33

6,154 rabid animals

Question 34

What percentage of rabies cases are seen in wildlife? | What percentage in domestic animals?

Answer 34

- 92% | - 8%

Question 35

What percentage of rabies cases are seen in raccoons? Skunks? Bats? Foxes?

Answer 35

- 37% - 24% - 23% - 7%

Question 36

``` What percentage of rabies cases are seen in cats? Dogs? Cattle? Horses? Goats and sheep? ```

Answer 36

- 5% - 1% - 1% - 0.6% - 0.1%

Question 37

What other country reports similar findings in wildlife and domestic animal rabies cases to the US?

Answer 37

Canada

Question 38

Mexico only has surveillance of rabies in which animals? | What percentage of cases are seen in cattle?

Answer 38

- Domestic | - 83%

Question 39

The majority of human rabies in the US is caused by what variants of the rabies virus?

Answer 39

Bat variants of rabies virus

Question 40

What are 3 problems with detecting minor wounds from a bat bite?

Answer 40

- Difficult to detect - May not recognize exposure - May sleep through the bite

Question 41

Most human rabies are diagnosed what?

Answer 41

Post-mortem

Question 42

If symptomatic for rabies, what occurs in almost all cases?

Answer 42

Death

Question 43

In 2012, how many animals were reported rabid in the US? What percentage were wildlife? How many human cases?

Answer 43

- 6,162 - >90% - 1

Question 44

How is the rabies virus primarily transmitted?

Answer 44

Via bite

Question 45

Are rabies agents mildly or highly neurotropic?

Answer 45

Highly neurotropic

Question 46

Where does the rabies virus enter the nervous system?

Answer 46

Peripheral nerves

Question 47

How does the rabies virus get to the CNS?

Answer 47

Centripetal travel by retrograde flow in axoplasm of nerves to CNS.

Question 48

Where does the rabies virus replicate?

Answer 48

In the brain.

Question 49

Where else can centrifugal flow spread rabies virus to in the body?

Answer 49

Innervated organs, including the portal of exit, the salivary glands.

Question 50

Where is viral excretion seen in the body?

Answer 50

Saliva

Question 51

What is the incubation period for rabies? | What is the average?

Answer 51

- Variable (range = weeks to years) | - 1 to 2 months

Question 52

Non-specific signs can be seen during which phase?

Answer 52

Prodromal phase

Question 53

What are 2 phases that can be seen with rabies?

Answer 53

- Prodromal phase | - Acute neurological phase

Question 54

Rabies can lead to what 2 conditions?

Answer 54

- Coma | - Death

Question 55

Encephalitis can lead to what?

Answer 55

Behavioral changes

Question 56

Is "furious" rabies considered excitatory or depressive?

Answer 56

Excitatory

Question 57

Is "dumb" rabies considered excitatory or depressive?

Answer 57

Depressive

Question 58

Which form of rabies is excitatory?

Answer 58

"Furious" rabies

Question 59

Which form of rabies is depressive?

Answer 59

"Dumb" rabies

Question 60

What are 6 clinical signs seen with "furious" rabies?

Answer 60

- Anxious - Restless - Aggressive - Vocal - Hyper reactive - Ataxic

Question 61

Is the "furious" form of rabies seen more in cats or dogs?

Answer 61

Cats

Question 62

How might the "furious' form of rabies present in horses?

Answer 62

As colic

Question 63

What are 4 clinical signs seen with "dumb" rabies?

Answer 63

- Somnolent - Depressed - Ataxic - Ascending paralysis

Question 64

Is the "dumb" form of rabies seen more in cats or dogs?

Answer 64

Dogs

Question 65

Which form of rabies is seen more often in ruminants, "furious" or "dumb"?

Answer 65

"Dumb"

Question 66

What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with all forms of rabies? What can this lead to in cattle?

Answer 66

- Paralysis of muscles in throat (dysphagia) - Salivation - "Hydrophobia" - Cattle = "choke"

Question 67

What is the official reference document for rabies prevention?

Answer 67

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention & Control

Question 68

What is an acute, typically fatal, rapidly progressive encephalomyelitis of humans and other mammals?

Answer 68

Rabies