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Pharmacology 1. A topics > 2. Sedative hypnotics > Flashcards

2. Sedative hypnotics Flashcards

1
Q

What groups of drugs do sedative hypnotics include?

A

Alpha2 agonists, benzodiazepines and barbiturates

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2
Q

The only group of sedative-hypnotic drugs that causes analgesia

A

Alpha 2 agonists

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3
Q

Drugs belonging to alpha2 agonists

A

XYLAZINE (in all animals)
Detomidine (equine)
Dexmedetomidine (cats, dogs)
Medetomidine (cats, dogs)
Romifidine

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4
Q

What group of sedative hypnotic drugs causes emetics and vomiting in cats and dogs?

A

Alpha2 agonists (Xylazine)

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5
Q

Detomidine - ?

A

Alpha-2 Agonist. Used for sedation in horses and for treating horses in pain with colic. Alone or in combination with ketamine, thiopentone, opioid drugs

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6
Q

(Dex)medetomidine

A

Alpha2 agonist. More reliable and safer than xylazine. Developed for dogs and cats.

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7
Q

The most potent alpha2 ANTAGONIST

A

Atipamezole. Contraindications: ketamie-medetomidine

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8
Q

alpha 2 antagonist that usually used to reverse effect of xylazine

A

Yohimbine

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9
Q

Which drug is used with combination with METOMIDATE?

A

Azaperone. (Butirophenones)

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10
Q

Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines:

A

Increase frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel (GABAA) opening. Positive allosteric modulators.

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11
Q

Usage of benzodiazepines

A

Anticonvulsive effect, muscle relaxation
Premedication and combination (ketamine)
Hypnotic, sedative effect

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines

A
  • Oral absorption is good
  • Significant binding to plasma proteins
  • Excretion after demethylation and conjugation via kidney (first metabolite is active)
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13
Q

Drugs belonging to benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam
Midazolam
Alprazolam
Zolazepam
Lorazepam

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14
Q

This drug is used in fixed combination with tiletamine (injectable anaesthetic)

A

Zolazepam. (Benzodiazepines)

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15
Q

What is safer barbiturates or benzodiazepines

A

Benzodiazepines.

Barbiturates can cause addiction, have narrow TI, do not mix well with other drugs, combination with other CNS depressants can quickly be fatal.

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16
Q

how barbiturates work

A

Barbiturates bind to GABA channels, causing them to remain open for a prolonged period of time which in turn, creates a negative charge. This negative change in voltage makes brain cells less responsive to nerve impulses (i.e. depressed), which is responsible for barbiturates’ sedative properties.

17
Q

Which group of drugs increases frequency of opening GABAa receptors?

A

Benzodiazepines

18
Q

Which group of drugs increases duration of opening GABAa receptors?

A

Barbiturates

19
Q

Drugs belonging to barbiturates

A

Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital
Thiopental
Methohexital

Pharmacology 1. A topics (17 decks)

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