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BB Chemistry & Physics > 2 Solution Behavior > Flashcards

2 Solution Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid

A
  • a material that has the ability to flow

- not necessarily liquid

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2
Q

Density

A

Mass/Volume

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3
Q

Hydrostatics

A
  • study of fluids that are not moving

- density and pressure are key

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4
Q

Hydrodynamics

A

study of fluids in motion

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5
Q

Pressure

A

P = force/area

doubling area will decrease pressure by factor of 4

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6
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A
  • pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount
    ex. ) needle, uncapped
  • area is different, pressure is the same
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7
Q

Buoyancy

A

-all fluids exert force on objects immersed in them

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8
Q

Archimedes Principle

A

-an object immersed either totally or partially in a fluid feels a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

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9
Q

Floating & Density

A

density of object > density of fluid –> object sinks
density of object < density of fluid –> object floats
object sinks –> buoyant force if less than true object weight
object floats –> buoyant force is greater than true weight of object

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10
Q

Hydrometer

A

-simple device used to measure density or specific gravity of liquids

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11
Q

Laminar Flow

A

what we want!
flow is unchanging flow pattern, smooth and orderly
-r/t viscosity

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12
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

continuously carrying pattern of flow
increased resistance
-r/t density

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13
Q

Narrowing of tube causes speed to…

A

-increase tremendously

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14
Q

Bernouli’s Principle

A
  • as speed of fluid increases the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
  • basis of venturi flowmeter
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15
Q

Viscosity

A
  • a measure of fluids resistance to flow

- measured in poise

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16
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A
  • laminar flow rate of a liquid along a pipe is proportional to the 4th power of the pipe’s radius
  • applies only to laminar flow!!
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17
Q

Change in radius and effect on flow

A

dramatic!

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18
Q

3 ways to increase the fluid flow rate through a catheter

A
  1. ) raise the bag
  2. ) larger gauge
  3. ) shorter length
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19
Q

Reynold’s Number

A

-predicts the flow at which laminar flow will become turbulent
>2000 turbulence will usually occur
*considerably high at ejection points of heart

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20
Q

Reynold’s Number is directly proportional to…

A

velocity
density
diameter

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21
Q

Reynold’s Number is inversely proportional to…

A

viscosity

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22
Q

Solution

A

a homogenous mixture that consists of one or more solutes uniformly dispersed at a molecular or ionic level throughout a solvent

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23
Q

Solvent

A

dissolves other substances

24
Q

Solute

A

dissolves into solvent

25
molality
moles in a solute/ kg of solvent
26
molarity
moles in a solute/ L of solution
27
Solubility
amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent ex.) meds in blood increased lipid solubility = increased potency
28
Saturated
a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute
29
Supersaturated
- a solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility - NOT STABLE, excess falls out of solution ex. ) kidney stones
30
Miscible
- mixable! 2 liquids that are soluble in each other in all proportions - alcohol in water - not miscible --> oil & water
31
Solubility Guidelines
like dissolves like - polar solutes are more soluble in polar solvents - nonpolar are more soluble in nonpolar * temperature can effect
32
Ionic Compounds
most polar species, followed by hydrogen bonds | -soluble in water but not very soluble in organic solvent (ether/hexane)
33
Organic Compounds
- relatively insoluble in water-based medium (blood) | - vast majority of injectable meds
34
Lidocaine Solubility
- nonpolar, water-insoluble, organic compound * reacts with hydrochloric acid --> gets ionic salt --> lidocaine hydrochloride --> now water soluble - amine functional groups contain nitrogen atom
35
Cardiac output in r/t brain delivery
decreased CO = increased delivery to brain
36
is protein binding more important to duration or solubility?
duration! | solubility r/t potency
37
propofol syndrome
"pink blood" | r/t solubility & fat emulsion
38
How does decreased solubility r/t action and wake up?
higher solubility = faster action and wake up | -not soluble in blood, soluble in brain
39
endothermic
substances have positive reaction
40
Solvation
Energy required to break or make those bonds between chemical bonds (lattice)
41
Pressure & Solubility
- pressure has dramatic effect on solubility - increased pressure = increased solubility of solute in solvent (gas in liquid) - liquids and solids are not very compressible --> less effect
42
Henry's Law
the amount of non-reacting gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas, if temp remains constant
43
Temperature & Solubility
GAS --> increased temp = decreased solubility LIQUID --> increased temp = increased solubility *the colder the blood, the more gas will dissolve within the liquid
44
Colligative Properties of Solutions
* depends only on the number of solute particles, not identity 1. ) vapor pressure of solution decreases with increasing solute concentration 2. ) boiling point of solution increases with increasing solute concentration 3. ) freezing point of solution decreases with increasing solute concentration 4. ) osmotic pressure of solution increases with increasing solute concentration
45
Vapor Pressure
VP of a liquid results from the most energetic molecules near the surface of the liquid escaping into the gas phase
46
Vapor Pressure of Solution vs Vapor Pressure of pure solvent
vapor pressure of solution (solutes added) < vapor pressure of pure solvent
47
Raoult's Law
vapor pressure of a volatile component of a solution (P) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure substance times the mole fraction of that substance
48
Boiling Point
-temperature at which the vapor pressure of the material is equal to the ambient pressure -boiling point increases as concentration of solutes increases increased atm pressure = less heat required to boil
49
Freezing Point
- temp at which the liquid phase of material is in equilibrium with the solid phase - molecules (ions/atoms) need to settle in orderly, crystalline lattice formation
50
Tonicity
relative concentration of solutes in the osmotic system
51
Isotonic
contains equal concentrations of particles
52
Hypertonic
greater concentrations | ex.) 3% saline
53
Hypotonic
lower concentration
54
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration ex.) lidocaine w. dextrose (hypertonic) vs 1/2% lido (isotonic)
55
Colloids
- not true solutions - one phase of uniformly dispersed in a second phase ex. ) blood, albumin

BB Chemistry & Physics (3 decks)

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