Spirillum – cork screw shaped Bacillus – rod shaped Coccus – sherical

2 Systematics Flashcards by Chedy Dump

Pioneered by Carolus Linneaus
Branch of Biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species
Each kind of organism is named by a uniformly adopted system that best
expresses the degree of similarity of organisms

Taxonomy

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what is the binary system that taxonomy follows?

genus + species

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Taxonomical Hierarchy follows a _______ System

Linnean System

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Study of biological diversity and its classification
Pioneered by Charles Darwin
Employs taxonomy and evolutionary biology to arrange organisms in categories
that reflect PHYLOGENY

Systematics

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evolutionary history of a SPECIES or a group of species.

Phylogeny

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What are the 5 Kingdom Scheme? (proposed by R.H Whittaker in 1969)

Plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, and monera.

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What are the 3 Domain Scheme?

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

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Prokaryotic organisms
Divided into bacteria and archaea
With thick cell wall
Reproduction primarily by binary fission
May be heterotrophs or autotrophs

Kingdom Monera

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Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

Photosynthetic; use solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to organic
compounds

Photoautotrophs

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Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

Chemosynthetic; oxidize inorganic compounds to reduce CO2 to an
organic compound

Chemoautotrophs

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Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

Take in organic nutrients

Chemoheterotrophs

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Photosynthetic bacteria
Also known as blue-green algae
Believed to be responsible for introducing oxygen in the primitive
atmosphere

Division Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)

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Forms of Bacteria

Spirillum – cork screw shaped
Bacillus – rod shaped
Coccus – sherical

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Prokaryotes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes
Live in harsh conditions

Archaea

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Archaea that live in anaerobic marshes

METHANOGENS

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Archaea that live in salty lakes

HALOPHILES

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Archaea that live in hot sulfuric springs

THERMOACIDOPHILES

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Morphology:
* Most unicellular; ALL are eukaryotes
* Many with amazingly high level of structural and functional complexity.
Life cycles:
* Asexual reproduction common
* Sexual reproduction may occur when conditions deteriorate
* Some life cycles simple, many extremely complex
- Complexity and diversity of protists make them difficult to classify
- Could be split into as many as a dozen kingdoms
- Mode of nutrition could either be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Kingdom Protista

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The Photosynthetic Protists:

Green algae
Chlorohyll a and b
Stored food: true starch
E.g. Ulva, Volvox

Chlorophyta

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The Photosynthetic Protists:

Red algae
Chlorohyll a and phycoerhythrin
Stored food: rhodophycean starch
Source of agar and carageenan

Rhodophyta

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The Photosynthetic Protists:
* Brown algae
* Chlorohyll a and c, fucoxanthin
* Stored food: laminarin, mannitol
* e.g. Laminaria, Macrocysti

Phaeophyta

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The Photosynthetic Protists:

With chlorophylls a and c
Have unique glasslike walls made of silica
Stored food: chrysolaminarin
Cell walls used as metal polishers

Bacilliariophyta (Diatoms)

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The Photosynthetic Protists:

With chlorophylls a and c
Cell bounded by cellulose plates with silicates
With 2 flagella
May cause red tide during sudden growth called algal bloom

Dinoflagellata

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The Photosynthetic Protists:

With chlorophylls a and b
No cell wall
Stored food: paramylon, fats, cyclic phosphatases
With 1 long flagellum and 1 short flagellum

Euglenophyta

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The Heterotrophic Protists: * Locomotion by cilia * With macronucleus and micronucleus * E.g. Paramecium, Vorticella

Ciliates

The Heterotrophic Protists: * Locomotion by pseudopodia * E.g. Amoeba, Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Gromia

Sarcodines

The Heterotrophic Protists: * No locomotory organelle * Parasites * E.g. Gregarina, Plasmodium

Apicomplexans

The Heterotrophic Protists: * Multicellular * No cell wall * With amoeboid stage and a fungal mold stage.

Myxomycetes/Slime Molds

The Heterotrophic Protists: * Multicellular * Cell wall made of cellulose

Oomycetes/Water Molds

The Heterotrophic Protists: * Locomotion by flagella

Zoomastigophorans

1. Trichomonas 2. Giardia 3. Trypanosoma

Parasitic

Bodo is ______.

Free-living

* Heterotrophs that ABSORB their food * Cell wall made of chitin * Decomposers; major component of nutrient cycling in ecosystems

Kingdom Fungi

Kinds of Fungi: * Aquatic * Most primitive fungi with flagellated spores

Chytrids

Kinds of Fungi: * Terrestrial fungi * Hyphae are non-septate or with no cross walls between cells * E.g. Rhizopus (bread mold)

Zygomycetes

Kinds of Fungi: * Terrestrial fungi * Hyphae are septate * Unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (cup fungi, morels) * Spores are stored in sac-like structures called asci (Sing. ascus)

Ascomycetes

Kinds of Fungi: * Terrestrial fungi * Hyphae are septate * multicellular * Spores are born on top of club-like structures called basidia (Sing. basidium)

Basidiomycetes

* Multicellular photosynthetic organisms * Mostly terrestrial * With chlorophylls a and b * Cell wall made of cellulose * Absence of flagellated spores

Kingdom Plantae

* Non-vascular plants without water-conducting tubes * Dominant stage is the gametophyte * E.g. liverwort, hornwort, moss

Non-vascular plants

Vascular Plant Type: * Vascular plants that produce spores instead of seeds * E.g. club moss, horsetail, ferns

Pteridophytes

Vascular Plant Type: * Vascular plants that produce naked seeds

Gymnosperms

- consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat

Seed

Vascular Plant Type: * Vascular plants that produce seeds covered in ovaries * With flowers as reproductive structures * Presence of fruits -> mature ovaries * Protect seeds and aid in dispersal

Angiosperms

Types of Fruits: – derived from a single ovary

Simple

Types of Fruits: – derived from several ovaries of a flower

Aggregate

Types of Fruits: – derived from several ovaries of several flowers

Multiple

Angiosperms can be divided into the ______ and ______.

Monocots (one cotyledon) and Dicots (two cotyledons)

* Eukaryotic * Multicellular with cells organized into tissues * Heterotrophic * Lack cell walls * Ingest food and digest internally * Diploid except for gametes * Motile * With different types of symmetry

Kingdom Animalia

Classes Under Kingdom Animalia: * No true tissues, organs * Asymmetrical * All are aquatic/ marine * Pore-bearing animals

Porifera/Sponges

Types of Pores: 1. ______ - where water comes in and goes to the ______ or body cavity. 2. ______ - water outlet.

Ostium, spongocoel, osculum

Classes Under Kingdom Animalia: * DIPLOBLASTIC – with only 2 layers of tissues (ectoderm, endoderm) * Symmetry - radial * Mostly marine with a few freshwater species * Main cavity is the GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY (GVC) * Digestive system – incomplete (no anus) * E.g. sea anemone, sea feather, soft coral, hard coral, jellyfish

Cnidarians

Cnidarians possess specialized stinging cells called _______ bearing organelles called _______ which can contain toxins to kill or immobilize prey

CNIDOCYTES, NEMATOCYSTS

Most jellyfish sting are not deadly, although some may cause _____________ (severe allergic reaction).

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

Things to do and not do when stung by a jellyfish.

* Get out of water to avoid drowning * Carefully remove remaining tentacles to prevent further discharge of nematocysts into the skin * Apply vinegar or 3-10% acetic acid to disable cnidocytes that have not yet released their nematocysts. * Do NOT use urine as it will only promote discharge of the nematocysts

Medication for jellyfish stung to lessen skin irritation.

ANTIHISTAMINES and DIPHENHYDRAMINE

* Body flattened dorsoventrally * TRIPLOBLASTIC – with 3 layers of tissues * ECTODERM * ENDODERM * MESODERM * Symmetry – bilateral * CEPHALIZATION – centralization of the sense organs * ACOELOMATE – no body cavity except in the gut * E.g. planaria, blood fluke, tapeworm, liver fluke

Platyhelminthes/Flatworms

* Also known as roundworms (free-living and parasitic) * Body unsegmented and tapering at both ends * Presence of a body cavity called the PSEUDOCOELOM and is NOT lined by the mesoderm * Pseudocoelom is used as a hydrostatic skeleton; it also paved the way for the development of internal organs * Digestive system – complete (with mouth & anus) * Epidermis secretes a multi-layered CUTICLE made up of collagen that serves as protection against desiccation or digestive juices of the host * E.g. Trichina worm, whip worm, Ascaris

Nematodes

* Segmented worms * Aquatic (marine) or terrestrial * Exhibits true METAMERISM – repetition of parts * Coelom used as a hydrostatic skeleton * With a true COELOM or body cavity lined by mesoderm * E.g. Polychaete, earthworm, leech

Annelids

* Soft-bodied animals * Aquatic or terrestrial * With true coelom * Hallmarks of molluscs: * MANTLE – outgrowth of body surface that drapes over the animal; secretes * the shell in many molluscs * MUSCULAR FOOT – used for locomotion * RADULA – rasping organ used to scrape food * E.g. golden apple snail, chiton, garden slug, elephant tusk shell, mussel, nautilus, squid, scallop, octopus

Molluscs

* Probably the most extensive phylum * With true body cavity * TAGMATIZATION – fusion of body segments to form major body regions: HEAD, THORAX and ABDOMEN * Have jointed appendages * Circulatory system – open * Exoskeleton made of CHITIN * E.g. spider, scorpion, tick, horseshoe crab, millipede, centipede, lobster, crab, shrimp, barnacle, insects

Arthropods

* Exclusively marine * With coelom * Has radial PENTAMEROUS symmetry, which can be divided into 5 equal parts * Larval stage bilateral; radial symmetry in adults is secondarily acquired * No distinct head region ® no cephalization * Circulatory system – OPEN * E.g. sea biscuit, sea star, sea cucumber, brittle star, feather star, sea urchin

Echinoderms

* With body cavity * Hallmarks of chordates: * NOTOCHORD for axial support at some point in the life cycle * Presence of PHARYNGEAL SLITS/ POUCHES * DORSAL TUBULAR NERVE CORD * POST ANAL TAIL

Chordates

* Sea squirts/ tunicates * Notochord and nerve cord found in the larval stage only * Sessile adults encased in a tunic * Presence of INCURRENT and EXCURRENT siphons in most

Urochordates

* Lancelet/ amphioxus * Notochord and nerve cord found along entire length of the body and persist throughout life * E.g. Brachiostoma

Cephalochordates

* Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals * Vertebral column as the main axial support system * Notochord present mostly in the embryonic stage only * Presence of paired pharyngeal pouches that are modified into various structures in the adult * Presence of central singular heart ventral to the pharynx

Vertebrates

* Notochord still support body even after the larval stage * Vertebral column either absent or rudimentary

Jawless vertebrates (Agnathans)

* Produce slime when agitated * Mostly blind but with well-developed organs * Have four pairs of sensing tentacles arranged around the mouth and two pairs of tooth-like rasps on the top of a tongue-like projection

Hagfishes

* with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth * are well known for those species which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood, but these are a minority * 7 gills slits * NO paired lateral fins

Lampreys

* Cartilaginous fish (skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone * With paired lateral fins and nostrils * Minute scales * 5 – 7 gill slits with no operculum

Chondrichthyes

* Bony fish with endoskeleton ossified into bone * With paired, rounded or lobed fins that are similar to limbs * May have given rise to the limbed/ tetrapod vertebrates * E.g. lungfish, coelacanth

Sarcopterygii

* Bony, ray-finned fish

Actinopterygii

* Larval development takes place in an external aquatic environment * Tetrapods that produce eggs with no anmiotic fluid * Can respire through the skin * Generally spend part of their time on land

Amphibians

Limbed Vertebrates/ Tetrapods: * With thick, keratinized skin * Embryos enclosed in eggs with amniotic membrane * POIKILOTHERMIC/ cold-blooded * May be polyphyletic

Reptiles

* Also with amniotic fluid * HOMEOTHERMIC/ warm-blooded – can maintain body temperature * With feathers as epidermal outgrowths * With beaks * Keratinized skin on feet homologous to reptiles

Birds

Limbed Vertebrates/ Tetrapods: * Also with amniotic fluid * HOMEOTHERMIC/ warm-blooded – can maintain body temperature * With hair or fur as epidermal outgrowths * With MAMMARY GLANDS (undeveloped in males) * In most, development of the embryo is completed within the reproductive system of the female

Mammals

Types of Mammals: * Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) * E.g. echidnas, platypus

Prototherians

Types of Mammals: * Sometimes placed under Subclass Theria together with the placental mammals * Pouch-bearing (marsupial) mammals * Development of the embryo is completed outside the reproductive system through the MARSUPIUM (pouch) * Females have two vaginas * Males have a two-pronged penis * Only found in South America (opossum) and Australia (other marsupials e.g. kangaroo, Tasmanian devil, koala)

Metatherians

Types of Mammals: * Sometimes placed under Sublass Theria together with the marsupial mammals * Placental mammals * Development of the embryo is completed inside the reproductive system of the female * E.g. flying lemur, lion, stink badger, elephant, tamaraw, tarsier

Eutherians

2 Systematics Flashcards

(78 cards)