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History > 2: Terms > Flashcards

2: Terms Flashcards

1
Q

a cappella

A
  • Latin for “in the chapel”. It’s vocal music w/o accompaniment
  • Haec dies, anonymous
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2
Q

the “affections”

A
  • when a single emotion is projected through an entire composition/movement; it refers to the emotional states of the soul
  • Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach
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3
Q

augmentation

A
  • when notes are presented in longer time values

* Cantata No. 80, JS Bach

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4
Q

aria

A
  • a lyrical song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, often highly emotional; expresses the character’s feelings/emotions
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
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5
Q

arioso

A
  • a short vocal passage

* Cantata No. 80, JS Bach

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6
Q

Baroque

A
  • from the Portuguese word “barroco”, meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl, now applies to the music of the 17th/early 18th cent.
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
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7
Q

bas

A
  • french for “low”: low-volume indoor instruments including the dulcimer, lute, psaltery, rebec, recorder and vielle
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
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8
Q

basso continuo

A
  • it plays the figured bass and consists of 2 instruments; a bass (bassoon, oboe, cello) and a keyboard instrument (harpsichord, organ). The bass instruments play the bass melody and the keyboardist realizes the harmonies above
  • Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach
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9
Q

binary form

A
  • a 2 part form (AB) where section A usually ends with an open cadence, often used in Baroque dances
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
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10
Q

cadenza

A
  • a solo passage in concertos and arias that displayed the virtuosity of soloists
  • Piano Concerto in G major, Mozart
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11
Q

canon

A
  • from the Greek word “law”. It’s a strict type of polyphonic composition in which each voice enters in succession with the same melody
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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12
Q

cantata

A
  • a sacred or secular vocal drama featuring arias, duets, recitatives, choruses, ensembles and no acting, costumes or jewelry
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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13
Q

cantus firmus

A
  • Latin for “fixed song”. The borrowed material from the Gregorian chant used in the tenor
  • Haec dies (organum), anonymous
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14
Q

castrato

A
  • a male soprano or alto voice that had surgery before puberty to prevent the voice from changing
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
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15
Q

chamber music

A
  • music for a small ensemble (2-10) performed without a conductor
  • Piano Quintet in A major (Trout), Schubert
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16
Q

chorale

A
  • a hymn tune associated with German Protestantism intended for congregational singing therefore moving by step or narrow leap, harmonized for 4 voices
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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17
Q

chorus

A
  • it adds musical variety to the operatic works of many composers
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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18
Q

chromaticism

A
  • from the Greek word “chroma”. Melodies/harmonies that include all the notes available within the octave
  • Moro, Lasso, al mio duolo, Carlo Gesualdo
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19
Q

classicism

A
  • it refers to the music of the late 18th cent. with an emphasis on symmetry, balance and simplicity
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
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20
Q

clausula

A
  • a fragment of the cantus firmus

* Haec dies, anonymous

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21
Q

clavichord

A
  • a small rectangular keyboard instrument where sound is generated by small metal tangents that strike the strings inside the instrument
  • Sonata in D major, Domenico Scaletti
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22
Q

clavier

A
  • the German word for any keyboard instrument other than the organ
  • Sonata in D major, Domenico Scarlatti
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23
Q

coda

A
  • Latin for “tail”. It’s the concluding section reaffirming the tonic key in sonata form
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
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24
Q

concertino

A
  • a small group of instruments found in a concerto grosso (trov: trumpet, recorder, oboe, violin)
  • Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach
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25
Q

concerto

A
  • a composition for orchestra in 3 contrasting movements

* Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach

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26
Q

concerto grosso

A
  • a composition for orchestra featuring a small group (concertino) pitted against a large group (ripieno)
  • Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach
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27
Q

consort of instruments

A

• an instrumental ensemble.

  • whole consort: all instruments are from one family; all violins
  • broken concert: a mixed combination of instruments

• Pavane: Mille Regretz, Tielman Susato

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28
Q

continuous imitation

A
  • when a motive/theme is passed from one voice to another

* Ave Maria… virgo serena, Josquin des prez

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28
Q

countertenor

A
  • a high male voice using falsetto singing

* O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

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29
Q

cornetto

A
  • the ancestor of the trumpet made of wood

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

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30
Q

crumhorn

A
  • a double-reed wind instrument where sound is produced by blowing into the enclosed double-reed
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
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31
Q

development

A
  • the second main section in sonata form. The themes from the expo are manipulated through FMICES (fragmentation, modulation, inversion contrasting keys and dynamics, expansion of melodies (augmentation, diminution), sequential)
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
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32
Q

discant style

A
  • The cantus firmus is in faster time values and moves together with the top
  • Haec dies (organum), anonymous
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33
Q

double exposition

A
  • it’s used in the first movement of the classical concerto. The orchestral expo introduces the principle themes and tonic key. The solo expo follows and it restates the first theme and initiates the modulation away from the tonic key
  • Piano Concerto in G major, Mozart
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34
Q

drone

A
  • a sustained note with different harmonies above

* Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras

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35
Q

dulcimer

A
  • a medieval string instrument consisting of a wooden sound box and gut strings struck with small hammers/mallets
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
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36
Q

estampie

A
  • A stately dance for couples including elaborate body movements
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
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37
Q

exposition

A
  • the first main section in sonata form where 2 contrasting themes are stated. The first theme is in the tonic key and the second theme is in a contrasting key (dominant, relative age)
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
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38
Q

figured bass

A
  • it’s a type of musical shorthand developed in the Baroque era. Numbers are placed below the baseline to show harmonic progression. It is then realized by the basso continuo
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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39
Q

fugue

A
  • from the Latin word fugere meaning “to flee”. A contrapuntal composition featuring imitation and a main theme called a subject
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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40
Q

fugal texture

A
  • a contrapuntal composition based on the principle of imitation with a main theme called a subject
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
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41
Q

gradual

A
  • The 4th section of a mass proper sung melismatic/performed in a responsorial style
  • Haec dies (chant), anonymous
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42
Q

gravicembalo

A
  • Italian for harpsichord

* Sonata in D major, Domenico Scarlatti

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43
Q

Gregorian chant

A
  • the sacred/liturgical music of the RCC. A form of plainchant that’s modal with Latin texts/monophonic melodies with unmeasured rhythm
  • Haec dies (chant), anonymous
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44
Q

grounde bass

A
  • a Baroque compositional device. It’s a repeated melody in the bass with different variations above. It serves as the structure of the composition
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
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45
Q

guitarra moresca

A
  • an ancient guitar that’s strummed from Moorish origins

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

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46
Q

harpsichord

A
  • a keyboard instrument where sound is generated by small quills inside the instrument that pluck the strings; often has 2 sets of keys
  • Sonata in D major, Domenico Scarlatti
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47
Q

haut

A
  • French for “high”: high volume outdoor instruments including the cornetto, crumhorn, sackbut and shawm
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
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48
Q

heterophonic texture

A
  • a simultaneous variation; the same melody is played in more than one way simultaneously. Involves 2+ voices; one plays the original melody while the others play an embellished version
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
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49
Q

hocket

A
  • French for “hiccup”. A melodic line is split between 2 voices. Each voice alternates between notes/rests
  • Puis qu’en oubli, Machaut
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50
Q

homorhythmic texture

A
  • when all voices sing the same rhythm; results in a chordal texture. The text is clear when paired with syllabic texture
  • Ave Maria… virgo serena, Josquin des prez
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51
Q

hornpipe

A
  • a lively dance in triple meter of English origins

* Water Music Suite in D major, Handel

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52
Q

isorhythm

A
  • means “equal rhythm”. A compositional device developed in the ars nova. It combines melodic patterns (colour) with rhythmic patterns (talea). Colour/Talea are not the same length, overlapping; not coinciding
  • Puis qu’en oubli, Machaut
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53
Q

Italian overture

A
  • an orchestra genre developed in the early 18th cent. It was the precursor of the concerto (Italian concerto -concerto - 3 movements sonata form - 4 movement sonata form)
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
54
Q

jongleurs

A
  • multitalented medieval entertainers from the lower social class including court jesters, musicians, storytellers and carriers of gossip
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
55
Q

libretto

A
  • the text of an opera, oratorio or cantata not written by the composer based on a play, novel or history
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
56
Q

lute

A
  • The ancestor of the guitar that’s plucked/fretted

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

57
Q

mass

A
  • the most important service in the liturgy of the RCC. It includes prayers/readings from the Bible and a re-enactment of the last supper
  • Missa Papae Marcelli, Palestrina
58
Q

mass ordinary

A
  • the mass with unchanging prayers. It has 6 components: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei
  • Missa Papae Marcelli, Palestrina
59
Q

mass proper

A
  • the mass with changing prayers in link with the church calendar. Sections include: Gradual, Introit, Communion and Alleluia
  • Gradual
60
Q

medieval pipes

A
  • the ancestor of the flute. A wind instrument with 3 holes where sound is produced by blowing through the mouthpiece
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
61
Q

melismatic text setting

A
  • many notes (5+) per syllable of text

* Haec dies (chant), anonymous

62
Q

menuet

A
  • an elegant dance of the Baroque/Classical eras in triple meter of French origin in a moderate tempo
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
63
Q

minnesinger

A
  • German for “singers of love”. The German counterpart of the troubadours /trouvères
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
64
Q

modal counterpoint

A
  • polyphonic texture based on modes

* Ave Maria… virgo serena, Josquin des prez

65
Q

modes

A
  • scale patterns distinguished by their own unique order of tones/semitones
  • Haec dies, anonymous
66
Q

modified sonata form

A
  • an abbreviated sonata form where there is an expo and recap but no development
  • The Marriage of Figaro, Mozart
67
Q

monody

A
  • it means “one song”. It’s a single vocal melody with simple instrumental accompaniment that allows for greater expression of emotion/clarity of text developed in the 16th cent.
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
68
Q

monophonic chanson

A
  • a monophonic song. The monophonic melodies composed by aristocratic poet-musicians called troubadours/trouvères, features modal melodies/ improvised instrumental accompaniment. It’s in strophic form and the text reflects courtly love/chivalry
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
69
Q

monophonic texture

A
  • a single line of melody with no harmony or accompaniment

* Haec dies, anonymous

70
Q

monothematic exposition

A
  • in sonata form when theme 2 is a transposed version of theme 1
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
71
Q

motet

A
  • a sacred or secular vocal composition with or without accompaniment. Often polytextual, features an ostinato, a countertenor and falsetto singing
  • O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies, anonymous
72
Q

musica ficta

A
  • Latin for “false music”. Performers raise/lower pitches by a chromatic semitone to avoid undesirable intervals; like accidentals
  • Puis qu’en oubli, Machaut
73
Q

nakers

A
  • a medieval percussion instrument played in pairs

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

74
Q

neumatic text setting

A
  • several notes (2-4) per syllable of text

* Haec dies (chant), anonymous

75
Q

neumes

A
  • small square or diamond shaped notational symbols placed on a staff representing a specific pitch
  • Haec dies, anonymous
76
Q

opera

A
  • Italian for “work”. A secular vocal drama featuring arias, duets, recitatives, choruses, ensembles, acting, costumes and jewelry
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
77
Q

opera buffa

A
  • Italian comic opera that’s sung throughout with no spoken dialogue featuring down to earth characters
  • The Marriage of Figaro, Mozart
78
Q

opera seria

A
  • Italian for “serious opera”. It is generally based on historical/mythological subjects and is sung throughout
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
79
Q

oratorio

A
  • a sacred vocal drama featuring arias, duets, recitatives, choruses, ensembles and no acting, costumes and jewelry
  • The Creation, Haydn
80
Q

organal style

A
  • a style of free organum. The chant is in the tenor with longer time values and the top is fast
  • Haec dies (organum), anonymous
81
Q

organum

A
  • the earliest form of polyphonic music (9-13 cent.). Harmonized using P4/P5/P8. Composers used a fragment of the Gregorian chant in the tenor composing a new melody. The above is called the “organal part” and the chant is now called the “cantus firmus”
  • Haec dies (organum), anonymous
82
Q

ornamentation

A
  • applied by the performer during the repeats/da capo sections including trills/grace notes
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
83
Q

ostinato

A
  • Italian for “persistent”. A rhythmic, melodic, harmonic pattern repeated with hypnotic insistence
  • O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies, anonymous
84
Q

overture

A
  • an orchestral work proceeding an opera or oratorio frequently in sonata form
  • The Marriage of Figaro, Mozart
85
Q

piano quintet

A
  • a chamber ensemble consisting of a piano and 4 other instruments (violin, viola, cello, double bass)
  • Piano Quintet in A major (Trout), Schubert
86
Q

plainchant/plainsong

A
  • a chant featuring monophonic texture, modal melodies, a narrow melodic range and unmeasured prose rhythm
  • Haec dies (chant), anonymous
87
Q

polyphonic texture

A
  • 2+ independent melodic lines heard together aka contrapuntal texture
  • Haec dies, anonymous
88
Q

polytextual motet

A
  • 2+ texts heard together, words are hard to distinguish

* O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies, anonymous

89
Q

portative organ

A
  • a portable keyboard instrument with 2 keyboards. The small keyboard activates high pitched pipes. Sound is generated through pumping bellows
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
90
Q

positive organ

A
  • a larger portable keyboard instrument with 1 keyboard, small pipes and no pedals
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
91
Q

psaltery

A
  • a medieval string instrument. Consisted of a trapezoid wooden sound box with gut strings plucked with fingers or with a plectrum
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
92
Q

rebec

A
  • a string instrument that’s pear shaped, bowed and has 3 strings
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
93
Q

recapitulation

A
  • the third main section in sonata form where the first and second themes are restated in the tonic
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
94
Q

recitative

A
  • It’s a speech-like, declamatory style of singing that’s more lyrical than a speech but less lyrical than a song. It replaces spoken dialogue in some operas
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
95
Q

recitative accompagnato

A
  • Italian for “accompanied recitative”. It’s a speech-like, declamatory style of singing supported by instrument ensemble or orchestra. It allows for a greater connection with the text and is employed in operas, oratorios and cantatas
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
96
Q

recitative secco

A
  • Italian for “dry recitative”. It’s a speech-like, declamatory style of singing supported only by continuo. It is employed in operas, oratorios and cantatas
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
97
Q

recorder

A
  • an end-blown wind instrument that has finger holes

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

98
Q

regal

A
  • a 14th cent. portable organ with a small keyboard/reeds. Sound is produced by pumping bellows
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
99
Q

responsorial singing

A
  • a method of performance where a solo voice (verse), alternates with a chorus (respond)
  • Haec dies (chant), anonymous
100
Q

rhythmic modes

A
  • rhythmic patterns of long/short notes

* Haec dies (organum), anonymous

101
Q

ripieno

A
  • the large group of instruments found in a concerto grosso

* Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach

102
Q

ritornello

A
  • a recurring theme that functions as a refrain in Baroque compositions; serves as a unifying thread in concertos
  • Cantata No. 80, JS Bach
103
Q

ritornello form

A
  • a Baroque instrumental form featuring a melody that returns throughout the composition
  • Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, JS Bach
104
Q

rondeau

A
  • a fixed poetic form used in the polyphonic chanson of the ars nova. It has 4 verses with a refrain. The text of stanza 1 is repeated partially in verse 2 and fully in verse 4
  • Puis qu’en oubli, Machaut
105
Q

rondo form

A
  • section A is heard at least 3 times in the tonic key and sections B/C contrasts in keys/thematic material (ABACA/ABACABA)
  • Piano Sonata in C minor, op.13 (Pathétique), Beethoven
106
Q

rounded binary form

A
  • a 2 part form (A:||:B+A:||) where material from section A returns within section B
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
107
Q

shawm

A
  • the ancestor of the oboe. A double-reed instrument that produces shrill nasal tones
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
108
Q

sinfonia

A
  • music to facilitate changes in the scenes of the opera

* The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi

109
Q

Singspiel

A
  • German comic opera with spoken dialogue

* The Magic Flute, Mozart

110
Q

sonata cycle

A
  • A 4 movement structure in the Classical era; used in symphonies, sonatas and concertos
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
111
Q

sonata form

A
  • a structure used in the first movement of a sonata cycle. It consists of an exposition, development and recapitulation
  • Symphony No. 104 in D major (London), Haydn
112
Q

stile concitato

A
  • Italian for “agitated style”. It expresses the “hidden tremors of the soul”. It is achieved through the use of tremolo/pizzicato (instrumental) and ornamentation/rapid repeated notes (vocal)
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
113
Q

stile rappresentativo

A
  • Italian for “representational style”. It’s a recitative-like melody moving freely over a foundation of simple chords. The music was meant to heighten the emotional power of the text
  • The Coronation of Poppea, Claudio Monteverdi
114
Q

string quartet

A
  • the most popular chamber ensemble of the classical era featuring 2 violins, a viola and a cello
  • Piano Quintet in A major (Trout), Schubert
115
Q

strophic form

A
  • a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse, little connection between the words/music
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
116
Q

syllabic text setting

A
  • 1 note per syllable, text can be heard clearly

* Haec dies, anonymous

117
Q

tabor

A
  • a percussion instrument, like a large cylindrical drum

* Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous

118
Q

tambourine

A
  • a percussion instrument. It has a wooden frame with small metal disks, played by striking/shaking
  • Royal Estampie No. 4, anonymous
119
Q

tenor

A
  • Latin for “to hold”. The voice containing the cantus firmus
  • Haec dies, anonymous
120
Q

terraced dynamics

A
  • a Baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly resulting in stark contrast rather than gradual change
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
121
Q

ternary form

A
  • a 3 part form (ABA) where section B is contrasting in keys/material, often used in Baroque arias
  • Water Music Suite in D major, Handel
122
Q

terzetto

A
  • Italian for “trio”. A musical number for 3 people

* The Marriage of Figaro, Mozart

123
Q

theme and variations

A
  • a work featuring a statement of a melody (theme) followed by a series of transformations (variations). Changes can be made to HARDTRIM (harmony, accompaniment, rhythm, dynamics and melody). It is often used in the slow movement of sonata cycle
  • Piano Quintet in A major (Trout), Schubert
124
Q

tremolo

A
  • a rapid alternation between 2 notes or between notes of a chord
  • Piano Sonata in C minor, op. 13 (Pathétique), Beethoven
125
Q

troubadour

A
  • aristocratic poet-musicians that composed poems/songs, lived in Southern France
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
126
Q

trouser role

A
  • when a male character is performed by a soprano, mezzo soprano or contralto
  • The Marriage of Figaro, Mozart
127
Q

trouvère

A
  • French for “finder/inventor”. Aristocratic poet-musicians that composed poems/songs about courtly love, lived in Northern France
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
128
Q

vielle

A
  • the medieval ancestor of the violin played with a bow. The instrument had a figure 8 shape
  • Ce fut en mai, Moniot d’Arras
129
Q

viols

A
  • a renaissance family of bowed string instruments; vary in size
  • Pavane: Mille Regretz, Tielman Susato
130
Q

viola da gamba

A
  • an instrument in the viol family that had 6 strings and was fretted. It’s held between the legs when played
  • Pavane: Mille Regretz, Tielman Susato
131
Q

virginal

A
  • a smaller/lighter harpsichord that was simple/inexpensive that’s held in the players lap
  • Pavane: Mille Regretz, Tielman Susato
132
Q

word painting

A
  • when the music reflects the literal meaning of the text; musical pictorialization, employed in madrigals
  • Ave Maria… virgo serena, Josquin des prez

History (2 decks)

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