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BIO PSYCH > 2 - The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

2 - The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Made of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

T/F : Bilateral symmetry provides several survival advantages

A

True

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3
Q

Precursors of neurons evolved how many years ago?

A

600 million years ago

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4
Q

When did neuronal circuits first appear?

A

500 - 550 million years ago

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5
Q

The Central Nervous System interacts with the rest of the body via?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

What are the three bulges of the brain?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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7
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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8
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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9
Q

It is the bulge of the brain that indicates the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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10
Q

T/F : All neurons connect & interact with other neurons

A

True

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11
Q

T/F : Evolution shaped the functions and structure of the brain

A

True

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12
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of nose - tail axis

A

Rostral - Caudal

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13
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of back - belly axis

A

Dorsal - Ventral

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14
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of front - back axis

A

Anterior - Posterior

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15
Q

It is the specialized term for the direction of top - bottom axis

A

Superior - Inferior

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16
Q

It means “towards the middle”

A

Medial

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17
Q

It means “towards the side”

A

Lateral

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18
Q

It means “on the same side”

A

Ipsilateral

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19
Q

It means “on the opposite side”

A

Contralateral

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20
Q

It means “far end of the limb”

A

Distal

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21
Q

It means “nearest point of the limb, where it attaches to the body”

A

Proximal

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22
Q

What are the three common planes used to describe images of the brain?

A
  1. Axial
  2. Sagittal
  3. Frontal (Coronal)
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23
Q

A horizontal slice, parallel to the floor when standing up, from the front to the back of the brain.

A

Axial

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24
Q

A vertical slice through the brain, separating the left side from the right side.

A

Sagittal

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25
A vertical slice, separating the front from the back of the brain.
Frontal
26
These neurons collect information from outside and inside the body
Sensory neurons
27
These neurons carry signals to the muscles to enable movement
Motor neurons
28
These are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells
Neurotransmitters
29
Two parts of the peripheral nervous system
1. Somatic nervous system 2. Autonomic nervous system
30
It deals with the external world, wherein sensory and motor neurons carry information about voluntary movement and conscious awareness
Somatic nervous system
31
Deals with the internal world, wherein sensory and motor neurons guide automatic processes
Autonomic nervous system
32
Two components of the Autonomic Nervous System
1. Sympathetic Branch 2. Parasympathetic Branch
33
It gets the body ready to react to threats, along with increasing heart rate, respiration rates, and blood pressure
Sympathetic branch
34
It calms the body down, along with slowing the heart and respiration rate, and increasing digestion
Parasympathetic branch
35
Four segments of the spine
1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral Cer-Thor Lum-Sac
36
The spinal cord is divided into __ matter & __ matter
Gray matter and white matter
37
It contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons; found near the center of the cord
Gray matter
38
Contains the electrically-insulated long distance connections between neurons
White matter
39
Spinal cord is divided into ___, with sensory input occuring on the ___ side and motor output occuring from the ___ side.
Laminae, dorsal side
40
It houses the cell bodies for the peripheral sensory neurons
Dorsal root ganglia
41
In a ____, a sensory neuron connects with a motor neuron, allowing the sensory stimulation to trigger a movement
Reflex arc
42
__ is when you extend your leg after the doctor taps your knee with a hammer
Knee-jerk reflex
43
T/F : Reflexes can have one connection between the sensation and motor response
False; can have one or more connections (synapses)
44
They are neurons that are between the sensory input and motor output
Interneurons
45
T/F : Interneurons can be excitatory or inhibitory
True
46
T/F : More simple actions, such as walking, are build from more complex spinal reflexes.
False; complex actions, simple spinal reflexes
47
These are functional units of cells that guide rhythmic actions
Central pattern generators
48
What is the process of Central Pattern Generators?
1. An excitatory neuron fires spontaneously until becoming fatigues and stopped by an inhibitory interneuron 2. After a recovery time, the excitatory neuron resumes firing 3. Inhibitory interneurons cross the midline to inhibit the central pattern generator on the contralateral side, to allow for rhythmic muscle contractions
49
Brainstem is made out of
- Medulla Oblongata - Pons - Midbrain
50
It controls involuntary functions that are important for life, such as breathing and heart rate
Medulla
51
It relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum
Pons
52
T/F : Cells within the pons are important for sleep, arousal, and sensory functions
True
53
They are clusters of cells that process sensory, motor, and visceral information
Nuclei
54
They are central pattern generators for swallowing, yawning, coughing, breathing, etc.
Circuits in the hindbrain
55
A part of the midbrain: It locates the visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements
Superior colliculus
56
Part of the midbrain that locates auditory stimuli
Inferior colliculus
57
It influences complex behaviors such as defense, aggression, or reproduction
Periaqueductal gray matter
58
It regulates consciousness
Reticular formation
59
It alerts the brain
Locus Coeruleus
60
It influences motor control and cognition
Substantia nigra
61
How many pairs of cranial nerves transmit sensory and motor information between the brain and face?
Twelve (12)
62
The first cranial nerve; carries signals for the sense of smell from the nasal passage to the brain.
Olfactory
63
2nd cranial nerve; carries visual signals from the retina to the thalamus.
Optic
64
3rd cranial nerve; controls eye movement & pupillary constriction
Oculomotor
65
4th: controls eye movement
Trochlear
66
5th: controls the muscles of mastication (chewing), involved in the sensation of touch and pain by the face & mouth
Trigeminal
67
6th: controls eye movement
Abducens
68
7th: carries signals for the sense of taste (anterior 2/3 of the tongue); controls the muscles of facial expression; involved in the secretion of tears & saliva
Facial and Intermediate
69
8th: carries signals for the senses of hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear
70
9th: signals for the sense of taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); mediates the swallowing reflex
Glossopharyngeal
71
10th: major input & output pathway for parasympathetic nervous system; senses aortic blood pressure; slows heart rate; stimulates digestive organs
Vagus
72
11th: controls some muscles for movements of the head, neck, and shoulders
Spinal Accessory
73
12th: controls muscle of the tongue
Hypoglossal
74
"Little Brain"
Cerebellum
75
T/F : The cerebellum contains less neurons than the cortex
False; more neurons
76
Inputs in the cerebellum come from
Brainstem nuclei
77
Damage to cerebellum interferes with ____
Coordinated movement to external targets
78
T/F : Cerebellum may make predictions about expected outcomes of motor actions and use these predictions to refine plans
True
79
__ is also important in language, memory, attention, and emotion
Cerebellum
80
It is the process of maintaining the body within a narrow range of physiological parameters, such as temperature, thirst, hunger, etc.
Homeostasis
81
__ regulate the homeostasis by comparing the body's state with set points
Nuclei within the hypothalamus

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