Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A+P > 2: Tissues > Flashcards

2: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

4 different tissues

A

epithelia, connective, muscle, neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epithelia tissue

A

covers exposed surfaces
lines internal passageways and chambers
produces glandular secretion
many layers of cells
classified according to number of cell layers and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

key features in epithelial cells

A

cell junction - joins two cells
cilia - hair like structures on top
microvilli - smaller hair like structures to increase surface area
basement membrane - connects to basal surface
apical surface = top surface, may be open to outside world
mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus
no blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 functions of epithelia

A

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialised secretions (exocrine secretions discharged onto surface, endocrine secretions released into surrounding tissue and blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cell junctions

A

tight junction = lipid layers of adjacent plasma membranes tightly bound by interlocking membrane proteins
gap junction = two cells held together by embedded membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

simple squamous

A

linings e.g. blood vessel
reduce friction, used for absorption and secretion
thin flattened cells = smooth surface
good for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stratified squamous

A

found where mechanical stresses are severe e.g. skin
physical protection from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
more layers of cells for more protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

simple cuboidal

A

lining glands
secretion and absorption
large cells for organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

relatively rare
along ducts of sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

simple columnar

A

protection, secretion, absorption
lines stomach and intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stratified columnar

A

relatively rare
along portions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus
only top layer of cells columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

appear layered but in fact all connect to the basement membrane
line nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
move mucus with cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling
e.g. lining of uterus and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exocrine glands

A

produced exocrine secretions through a duct onto a surface
classified as unicellular or multi-cellular
multi-cellular further classified by branching pattern of duct and it’s shape (tubular, coiled, branched, alveolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

methods of secretion

A

merocrine = product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis, most common method

apocrine = loss of both cytoplasm and the secretory product, outermost portion of cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles before shedding

holocrine = entire cell packed with secretory vesicles then bursts, releasing the secretion but killing the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of secretion

A

serous glands = secrete watery solution containing enzymes
mucous glands = secrete mucins that form think slippery mucus
mixed glands = contain more than one type of gland cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

connective tissue

A

3 basic components: specialised cells, extracellular protein fibres and fluid known as ground substance
matrix = extracellular fibres and ground substance
never exposed to outside environment
highly vascular - many blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

support and protection
transportation of minerals
storage of energy reserves
defence of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 major types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper = tissue under skin, can be loose or dense
fluid connective tissues = blood and lymph
supporting connective tissues = cartilage and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts = always present, produce connective tissue fibres and ground substance, fibrocytes maintain the connective fibres
macrophages = engulf damaged cells or pathogens
adipocytes = fat cells, large lipid droplet
mast cells = contain histamine and heparin, chemicals released to begin body’s defensive activities after injury or infection

21
Q

connective tissue fibres

A

formed by protein subunits secreted by fibroblasts
collagen fibres = long, straight, unbranched, strong but flexible, most common in connective tissue proper
elastic fibres = contain protein elastin, branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching
reticular fibres = thin, same protein subunits as collagen but arranged differently

22
Q

loose connective tissues

A

fill internal spaces
provide cushioning and support epithelia
anchor blood vessels and nerves
store lipids
can be areolar, adipose or reticular tissue

23
Q

areolar tissue

A

separates skin from deeper structures
padding, flexible
extensive blood supply

24
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat tissue - lots of adipocytes
paddings and shock absorption
insulation to slow heat loss, stores energy
common under the skin of the flanks, breasts and buttocks

25
reticular tissue
reticular fibres from a complex 3D network found around spleen and liver supporting framework
26
dense connective tissues
tough, strong, durable resist tension and distortion interconnect bones and muscles mostly made of collagen fibres two types: irregular and regular
27
dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibres parallel to each other, packed tightly tendons and ligaments stabilises bone positions reduces friction between muscles
28
dense irregular connective tissue
interwoven meshwork in no pattern strengthens and supports areas subjected to stressed from many directions covers bone and cartilage forms thick fibrous layer (capsule) surrounding internal organs
29
fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix watery matrix for blood is plasma blood = RBC, WBC, plasma and platelets
30
supporting connective tissues
cartilage and bone provide supporting framework that supports rest of body
31
cartilage
firm gel containing embedded fibres chondrocytes are only cells within cartilage they occupy small pockets known as lacunae avascular cartilage structures covered in perichondrium made up of an inner cellular layer and an outer fibrous layer 3 types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
32
hyaline cartilage
most common closely packed collagen fibres - makes it tough by somewhat flexible connects ribs to sternum supports conducting passageways of respiratory tract covers opposing bone surfaces within joints
33
elastic cartilage
elastic fibres - makes it resilient and flexible external ear epiglottis
34
fibrocartilage
little ground substance matrix dominated by collagen fibres - densely interwoven making it extremely durable and tough pads of fibrocartilage between spine, pubic bones, around tendons to absorb shock and prevent bone to bone contact
35
bone
matrix consists of mainly hard calcium compounds and flexible collagen fibres strong and resistant to shattering lacunae in the matrix contain bone cells (osteocytes)
36
tissue membranes
tissue membrane = physical barrier that covers body surfaces consists of epithelium supported by connective tissue
37
mucous membranes
line passageways and chambers epithelial surfaces kept moist either by mucus or by fluids simple epithelia with absorptive or secretory functions coated with secretions of mucous glands
38
serous membranes
consists of simple epithelium supported by areolar tissue reduce friction between opposing surfaces friction reduced by watery serous fluid
39
cutaneous membrane
the skin stratified squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar tissue reinforced by underlying dense irregular connective tissue thick, relatively waterproof
40
synovial membranes
line joint capsules primary areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue
41
muscle tissue
specialised for contraction muscle cells contract due to interactions between filaments of the proteins myosin and actin
42
skeletal muscle tissue
contains very large, multinucleated cells skeletal muscle cell may be 100 micrometres in diameter and up to 1 ft long actin and myosin filaments organised into repeating patterns that give the cells striated appearance partially repair after injury voluntary
43
cardiac muscle tissue
found in the heart striated cardiac muscle cells smaller than a skeletal muscle fibre and have one nucleus cells interconnected at intercalated discs pacemaker cells regulate contraction limited ability to repair involuntary
44
smooth muscle
walls of blood vessels and organs smooth muscle cell is small and slender actin and myosin filaments scattered throughout cytoplasm so nonstriated regenerates after injury contractions triggered by neural activity involuntary
45
nervous tissue
specialised for propagation (movement) of electrical impulses 98% nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord neurons = have cell body containing large nucleus, numerous branching projections called dendrites and one projection called an axon dendrites receive information and axons carry that info neuroglia = supporting cells, maintain chemical composition of nervous tissue fluids, supply nutrients to neurons, defend the tissue from infection
46
response to tissue injury: inflammation
area is isolated from neighbouring healthy tissue while damaged cells, tissues and microorganisms are cleaned up swelling, heat, redness, pain red and warm = dilated blood vessels cuased by mast cells swelling = diffusion of blood plasma pain = mast cells stimulate sensory nerve endings
47
response to injury: regeneration
second phase following inflammation damaged tissues replaced or repaired to restore normal function fibroblasts produce dense network of collagen fibres known as scar tissue epithelia, connective tissue (except cartilage) and smooth muscle tissue regenerate well fibrosis = permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue
48
aging
speed and effectiveness of tissue repairs decrease rate of energy consumption generally declines hormonal alterations alter structure and chemical composition of many tissues epithelia get thinner and connective tissues more fragile cancer rates increase

A+P (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions