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VIKINGS > 2. volga vikings > Flashcards

2. volga vikings Flashcards

1
Q

staraya ladoga

A

-an important trading town for vikings from the late 8th century

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2
Q

evidence of vikings settlement on staraya ladoga

A

-evidence of viking metalwork and boat building in the settlement

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3
Q

founding of staraya ladoga

A

-founded in about 750 by the local slav population
-meeting point of many different traders including the vikings

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4
Q

what led the vikings to constantinople and baghdad?

A

-the talk at staraya ladoga was of the exotic goods in the rich bazaars of baghdad & constantinople
-these prospects, especially the lure of silver, led the vikings to venture on from staraya ladoga

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5
Q

dangers through the journey from staraya ladoga

A

-danger of robbers
-viking traders had to be armed and watchful, guarding their valuable goods and themselves

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6
Q

things vikings took to trade:

A

-falcons
-honey
-furs
-slaves
-swords
-walrus ivory
-amber

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7
Q

falcons

A

-arabs payed high prices for trained falcons
-easy to transport

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8
Q

honey

A

-arabs & byzantines wanted honey as sweetener & would pay high prices
-easy to transport
-abundant in scandinavia

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9
Q

furs

A

-fetched high prices, esp arctic foxes, -constantinople wanted coats for winter
-easy to transport

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10
Q

slaves

A

-taken as tributes in exchange for not burning down villages
-wanted for help
-hard to transport due to feeding

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11
Q

swords

A

-vikings made high quality swords -easy to transport

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12
Q

walrus ivory

A

-could be carved into beads, rings & jewellery
-easy to transport due to small size

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13
Q

amber

A

-could be carved & polished & glowed orange
-easy to transport due to small size

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14
Q

where did vikings begin to place settlements in the 8th century?

A

along the river systems of western russia

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15
Q

what were settlements?

A

-places where they could stop to repair the boats
-collect supplies of food
-receive news of the river trade
-at first they were rough-and-ready places where the vikings met and traded with the local slav population and other traders

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16
Q

what did people in the east name the vikings?

A

the rus, a version of the finnish name for swedes

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17
Q

what happened to settlements as time passed?

A

-gradually, the Rus population increased and the settlements became small towns
-by the middle of the ninth century, the vikings were so well established along the river routes that they were able to control the towns and surround them with strong defences

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18
Q

evidence of viking presence at russian settlements:

A

-some 400 archaeological sites across the region have revealed the viking presence through finds of scandinavian brooches, neck-rings, beads, swords and boat burials
-scandinavians in these slav lands were a tiny minority
-scandies were an elite of merchants & rulers who took tribute from the slav population
-gradually, these vikings became more like their slav subjects whom they ruled
-they married slav women, gave their children slavic names & adopted Slavic wavs of living

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19
Q

why were the Rus towns of novgorod and kiev important to the vikings?

A

they allowed them to control the river routes from north to

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20
Q

when was novgorod built?

A

by 860, it was ruled by a viking called riurik

21
Q

what happened around 882?

A

-riurik’s heir, oleg, became ruler of kiev
-he joined together the existing villages on the banks of the dnieper to create an important trading town
-some historians think that klev became the foundation of the state of russia which oleg’s heirs ruled for over 700 years

22
Q

what did vladimir, ruler of kiev change in 988?

A

-he became a christian and cemented his alliance with byzantium by marrying the emperor’s sister
-the orthodox christian church took hold of rus territory & with it came the greek alphabet and byzantine law, political style, education, music and literature
-the language of the church was slav

23
Q

what did vladimir’s son (yaroslav the wise) do as he ruled kiev from 1019 to 1045?

A

-he increased the power & wealth of kiev
-he built the golden gate of kiev, completed in 1024 with a byzantine-style church behind

24
Q

where did the vikings go?

A

baghdad & constantinople

25
Q

layout of baghdad:

A

-circular city
-great mosque at its centre + caliph’s palace, military buildings, and beautiful gardens
-four roads led from the centre, through the main gates of the city and out through the suburbs
-districts beyond the round city had craftsmen, workshops, bazaars, houses, mosques and hospitals
-centre of knowledge and learning
-abbasids built libraries and gathered texts from different cultures
-baghdad’s scholars translated these texts and made advances in science, mathematics, astronomy and medicine

26
Q

why did the vikings want to trade with the arabs?

A

they knew that luxury goods from the wider world could fetch high prices in scandinavia

27
Q

we’re the vikings peaceful with the arabs?

A

-the vikings raided the arabs, we know this because viking runes mourned those who died fighting the arabs
- in 912 a viking fleet crossed the caspian sea and raided baku

28
Q

what did the viking want from baghdad?

A

spices:
-scandinavians loved the spices

silver: there were no silver mines in scandinavia
evidence = 1000 dirham hoards have been found in scandinavia

silk: (transported along silk road from china)
-vikings were used to rough wool
evidence = small fragments of silk on a women’s cloak on the osberg

29
Q

why were arab dirhams widely used?

A

scandinavians only began to mint their own coins in the 10th century

30
Q

who wrote the arab texts?

A

ibn fahdlan

31
Q

what did the arabs say about vikings’ hygiene, appearance, make-up & society?

A

hygiene: they never washed after intercourse and defecated/urinated everywhere, never washed hands after eating

appearance: they looked perfect, they were tall, fair/reddish and had many weapons

makeup & society:
both genders wore artificial eyeliner women could get divorced

32
Q

arabs texts about women, burial practices and singing?

A

women: wore small box around necks, neck rings made of iron, silver, brass & gold

burial practices: ship-burning, human sacrifice

singing: they sang like dogs but even wilder, awful, groaning

33
Q

what did the arabs think about the vikings?

A

vikings were barbaric

34
Q

what did the vikings think about the arabs?

A

the arabs were fools for burying people and letting them get eaten rather than cremating them

35
Q

layout of constantinople:

A

-roman & christian city
-protected by twelve miles of high walls and huge towers
-a long aqueduct supplied the city’s half a million inhabitants with clean water
-christian city

-great church of holy wisdom, hagia sophia
-the emperor’s palace, extended over six terraces leading down to the shoreline

36
Q

why did the vikings want to trade in constantinople?

A

they were attracted by the city’s bazaars, which were packed with exotic goods

37
Q

when did the vikings first visit constantinople?

A

839, they had friendly relations with the emperor

38
Q

in 860 what did the vikings do to constantinople?

A

they attacked the arabs with a fleet said to be 200 ships strong but still couldn’t defeat constantinople

39
Q

what did the 907 attack by oleg lead to?

A

oleg was driven off but could negotiate a trade agreement in 911

40
Q

what did the 911 trade treaty include?

A

-free baths
-places for the vikings to repair their ships

41
Q

how long did the 911 trade treaty last?

A

30 years until igor attacked constantinople in the 1940s, the vikings were defeated with greek fire- a form of napalm (we know this because of a 12th century manuscript)

42
Q

what was included in the 945 trade treaty negotiated by igor?

A

-the rus could enter in groups of fewer than 50
-silk could be bought in limited amounts
-free accommodation
-the rus fought for the byzantines
-treaty was sealed with a gift from igor to the emperor of furs, wax & slaves
vikings dominated trade in the 950s

43
Q

what was the varangian guard?

A

a bodyguard to protect the emperor

44
Q

were vikings in the guard, how do we know?

A

yes, an 11th century illustration shows people with axes and 3 pointed flags who were vikings in the guard (vikings)

45
Q

when was the spillings hoard found?

A

july 1999 at spillings farm

46
Q

what did the spillings hoard contain?

A

3 treasure chests:
2 with silver & 1 with bronze

14,295 coins:
14,200 coins were dirhams

47
Q

why is the spillings hoard popular?

A

it’s the world’s largest hoard of viking treasure

48
Q

why did the coins have slashes in?

A

to test the purity

49
Q

how do we know the silver was valued for its weight?

A

the arm-rings had been bundled into standard viking weights

VIKINGS (7 decks)

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