20 – Feed Regulations + Feed Additives Flashcards
1
Q
World feed production
A
- USA and China are 40% of total
- Feed industry often omits companion animal feeds
2
Q
Canadian feed production
A
- *feed is number one cost of production for most livestock operations
- AB, SK: consumes more feed than it produces
- ON, QB: produces more feed than it consumes
- **feed tends to get produced close to livestock operations buying feed
3
Q
Association of American feed control officials (AAFCO)
A
- Body that regulates animal feeds in the US
- Many Canadian feed manufactures follow AAFCO regulation if they export feed to the US
o Similar but a bit different
4
Q
What are the laws/acts that apply to feed manufacture in Canada?
A
- Feeds act
- Health of animals act
- Approved feed ingredients
- Compendium of medicating ingredients brochures
- *does not apply to feeds made by on-farm feed mills as long as:
o Feed is not sold off farm
o Does not contain medication
o Does not contain animal substances
5
Q
Schedule 4: list of approved ingredients
A
- Defines single ingredients
o Ingredients allowed in feeds
o Guarantees must be given for the ingredient - Divided into 8 classes
o Class 4: energy feeds
o Class 5: protein feeds
o Class 6: mineral products
o Class 7: vitamin and yeast products
6
Q
Labelling guidance for proposed feed regulations: feed labels require
A
- Name of the feed
- Intended purpose
- Intended livestock species
- Name and address of manufacturer of feed
- Net amount
- Directions for use
- Guaranteed analysis
- Health and safety statements
- *must be bilingual if for commercial sale in Canada
7
Q
Label for commercial pre-made medicated diets must specify
A
- Name and actual amount of each medicating ingredient (must appear immediately after the feed name)
- Approved claims
- Any caution or warning statements
- Any statement on the use of medicating ingredients
- Any additional info
- **MUST BE A PRESCRIPTION
8
Q
Permissable claims
A
- Mixed feed labels may contain a claim as set out in the Tables of Permissible Claims for Feed Labels
o These specific ones do not require registration provided all conditions associated with the claim have been met - Claims that aren’t on the tables of permissible claims for feed labels can be made but require the mixed feed to be registered
- *a number of non-nutritive agents used in manufacturing feeds (binders, anti-oxidants, anti-caking agents, etc.)
9
Q
What is needed from CFIA for a custom medicated feed?
A
- Name of person from who feed was manufactured
- Name of vet who issued prescription
- Name and actual amount of each medicating ingredient, appearing immediately after feed name
- Caution and warning statements outlined in vet prescription
10
Q
Non-nutritive feed additives: why are they added?
A
- To improve growth/nutrient utilization/health
- Make finished product more appealing to consumers
- Help with feed manufacture
- Improve shelf life
11
Q
What are some examples of non-nutritive feed additives?
A
- Antioxidants
- Mould inhibitors
- Pelleting aids or binders
- Anticaking agents
- Acidifiers
- Viable microbial products (probiotics)
- Prebiotics
- Flavouring agents or palatants
- Pigments
12
Q
What are the four uses of antimicrobials in food animals?
A
- Therapeutic
- Metaphylactic
- Prophylactic
- Growth promotion
13
Q
Therapeutic use of antimicrobials in food animals
A
- To treat clinically ID disease
o Individual animal basis
o Group basis in water or feed - *high dose, short duration, low controversary
14
Q
Metaphylactic use of antimicrobials in food animals
A
- To prevent spread of ID infection to cohorts
o Treat all animals where disease has be IDed in some
15
Q
Prophylactic use of antimicrobials in food animals
A
- To control or prevent infection at times of increased reisk
- Ex. weanling pigs
16
Q
Growth promotion use of antimicrobials in food animals
A
- To increase growth and production efficiency
o Reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic and overt pathogens
o Includes a prophylactic component
o *this use is banned in Canada (since Dec 2018) - *low dose, long duration, high controversy
17
Q
What category of antimicrobials can be bought/sold w/o a prescription from a veterinarian?
A
- Category 4 (ex. mostly ionophores)
18
Q
What is the effect of microbial load on health and performance?
A
- If have healthy gut (less microbial load)
o Increasing efficiency of nutrient utilization - *downside=antibiotic resistance
- In 1960s: 10-15% increase in production
o As resistance developed=sharp drop (2000-2010)
19
Q
Antibiotics in dairy
A
- Therapeutic use only
- Ex. mastitis, enteric/respiratory infections in calves, foot infections
- Sub-therapeutic ionophores to improve efficiency of rumen fermentation
20
Q
Antibiotics in beef: cow-calf
A
- Therapeutic only
- Enteric/respiratory infections in calves
21
Q
Antibiotics in beef: feed lot
A
- Metaphylactic (at feedlot entry) and therapeutic control of respiratory infection
- Sub-therapeutic ionophores to improve efficiency of rumen fermentation
22
Q
Antibiotics in poultry: broiler
A
- Only category 4 for growth promoters
- Coccidiostats are category 4
- Metaphylactic use of category 2-3 to control IDed enteric/respiratory infections
23
Q
Antibiotics in poultry: layers
A
- Not used
- Eggs cannot be marketed
24
Q
Antibiotics in swine
A
- Common prophylactic use in nursery phase
- High percentage use of category 4 for growth promotion
- Maybe category 2-3 for pro/metaphylactic use
- Therapeutic treatment of enteric/respiratory infections
- *In Canada: most in-feed antibiotics are used in swine industry (65%)
25
Antibiotic-free production
- Currently small, but increasing
- Ex. A&W beef and chicken
- *Health problems encountered=has limited number of producers adopting this practice
26
What are some antibiotic alternatives?
- Probiotic: lactobacilli or bifidobacteria
- Prebiotics: oligosaccharides or fructooligosaccharides
- Antibodies
- Organic acids: lactic acid or propionic acid (preserve feed)
- Phytogenics: rosemary or oregano (essential oils)
- Enzymes
27
Flavours and palatants
- Improve consumption by masking off-flavours
- Allow more flexibility in diet formulation
- Condition an animal to a particular feed
o Anise, apple, sweeteners, garlic
o Liquefied or dried liver hydrosylate used to coat cat food
28
Pigments
- Used in aquaculture and poultry mainly
29
Pigments in poultry
- Yolk colour, skin colouration
- Yellow/orange desired in many markets
- Xanthophyll (corn)
- Natural pigments: alfalfa, marigold meal
30
Pigments in aquaculture
- Preferred colours in marketplace
- Salmonids: cannot synthesize pigments from xanthophyll so pigments must be feed in diet
- Expensive, up to 10% of diet cost
31
Non-nutritive antioxidants
- Compounds that increase shelf-life of animal feeds
- Added directly in feed
- Packaging can contain these, but they do not need to be listed as an ingredient
- *prevent oxidation of fat and degeneration of vitamins: vit E, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole
o Vit E (plus rosemary extract) increasing as others are not favoured in pet food
- Ethoxyquin: banned in 2027
32
Preservatives
- Ascorbic acid, Na nitrate, sorbic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, formic acid
- *prevent mold growth in warm humid conditions
33
Illegal feed additives
- Repartioning agents
- Beta-adrenergic agonists that ‘repartition’ nutrients to protein synthesis from fat synthesis
o Increased lipolysis, increased protein synthesis, reduced protein turnover
- Ex. clenbutorol
o Not legal, but significant illicit use in veal calves
