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[ MT632 Lec ] Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology > 2.0. Integumentary System > Flashcards

2.0. Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Superficial layer of epithelial tissue
  • Avascular (nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the papillary layer of the dermis)
  • Composed of epithelial cells arranged into layers or strata
  • Separated from dermis by basement membrane
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2
Q

Dermis

A
  • Deep layer connective tissue

- Structural strength

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3
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue

A
  • Not part of skin
  • Has adipose tissues
  • Loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures
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4
Q

Epidermal Cells Types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Make up the majority of epidermal cells
  • First layer of the epidermis contains the keratinocytes filled with proteins and has died
  • Produce and fill themselves with keratin (a hard, waterproof protein) as they move toward the surface
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6
Q

Cornification

A

Stratum Corneum contains keratinocytes that have completely filled with keratin and died

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7
Q

Keratinization

A

Aas cells of the epidermis becomes filled with keratin and they move outward through the layers they fill with keratin

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8
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Produce skin pigments called MELANIN
  • Cells stay in the stratum basale
  • Keratinocytes take in melanin-filled vesicles called MELANOSOMES by endocytosis
  • Melanocytes may not be evenly distributed across the skin, and denser patches of these cells account for freckles and moles
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9
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Act as the outermost guard of the cutaneous system and likely to induce the first reaction against pathogens

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10
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Detect light, sense of touch, and superficial pressure.

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11
Q

Tactile Cells

A
  • Receptors for fine touch

- Found in the stratum basale associated with nerve cells in the underlying dermis

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12
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • Immune system cells found in the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum
  • Alert the body’s immune system to the invasion of pathogens
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13
Q

Epidermal Stratum (deepest to superficial layer)

A 
Stratum Basale (Germinativium)
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Cornelium
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14
Q

Stratum Basale (germinativium)

A
  • Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer
  • High mitotic activity and cells become keratinized
  • Composed of continuously dividing cells
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15
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Limited cell division

- Contain desmosomes, lamellar bodies, and additional keratin fibers

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16
Q

Lamellar Bodies

A

Lipid containing cells and provide the lamellar internal structure, contains enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides

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17
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Contains keratohyalin

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18
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Protein structure in the cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes of the epidermis

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19
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Thin, clear zone
  • Found only in palms and soles
    LUCIDUM - clear
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20
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Most superficial and consists of cornified cells
  • Thickest layer of the skin
  • Contains the dead keratinized cells
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21
Q

Thick Skin

A
  • Composed of 5 epithelial layers
  • Found in areas subject to pressure or friction (palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet, fingerprints and footprints
  • Papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows
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22
Q

Thin Skin

A
  • Composed of 4 strata (no stratum lucidum since it can only be found in thick skin)
  • More flexible than thick skin
  • Covers rest of body
  • Hair grows here
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23
Q

Callus

A
  • Increase in the number of layers in the stratum corneum

- When this occurs over a bony prominence, a corn forms

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24
Q

Skin Color Factors

A

Pigments
Blood circulating through the skin
Thickness of stratum corneum

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25
Q

Melanin (Pigment)

A
  • Provides for protection against UV light
  • Group of chemicals derived from a tyrosine
  • Colored brown to black, may be yellowish or reddish
26
Q

Albinism (Pigment)

A
  • Deficiency or absence of pigment

- Production determined by genetics, hormones, exposure to light

27
Q

Carotene (Pigment)

A
  • Yellow pigment from vegetables

- Accumulates in stratum corneum, in adipose cells of dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue

28
Q

Cyanosis/Cyanotic (Blood Circulating Through Skin)

A

Blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content

29
Q

Erythema (Blood Circulating Through Skin)

A

Red color caused by increased blood flow

30
Q

Thickness of Stratum Corneum

A
  • Impacts color

- Thicker areas can be yellowish

31
Q

Dermis

A
  • Gives structural strength
  • Thicker than the epidermis
  • Connective tissue with many fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages
  • Contains some adipocytes, nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels
  • “True skin”
32
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that produce collagen

33
Q

Sensory Functions of Dermis

A 
Pain
Itch
Tickle
Temperature
Touch
Pressure
Two-point Discrimination
34
Q

Dermis Contains:

A
  • Papillae
  • Fibers
  • Nerve endings
  • Cutaneous glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Blood vessels
35
Q

Two Layer of Dermis

A

PAPILLARY - Superficial

RETICULAR - Deep

36
Q

Papillary / Superficial (Layers of Dermis)

A

DERMAL PAPILLAE

(1) Capillary beds
(2) Reason for fingerprints

  • Most superficial layer
  • Friction ridges form fingerprints
  • Whorls of ridges, touch receptors (Meissner, Pacinian, and Ruffini), free nerve endings sensing pain
37
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

Type of mechanoreceptor that is responsible for sensitivity and light touch

38
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles / Vater-Pacini / Lamellar Corpuscles

A

Sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure; essential for proprioception

39
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A
  • Record the low frequency vibration or pressure

- Adapt to pressure that results to the stretching of the skin

40
Q

Reticular / Deep (Layers of Dermis)

A
  • Dense irregular
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Collagen and elastic fibers
  • Some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors for thermoregulation
41
Q

Cleavage (Tension) Lines

A
  • Elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than in others
  • Important in surgery
42
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue

A
  • Deep to skin.
  • “Hypodermis”
  • Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
43
Q

Types of Cells in Subcutaneous Tissue

A

FIBROBLASTS - Synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen
ADIPOSE CELLS - Provide energy source, insulation and for protection
MACROPHAGES

44
Q

3 Concentric Layers of Hair

A

MEDULLA - Central axis; most medial portion of the hair
CORTEX - Forms bulk of hair; lateral to medalla
CUTICLE - Forms hair surface; outermost part of the hair

45
Q

3 Types of Hair

A

LANUGO HAIR

(1) Very fine and unpigmented (colorless)
(2) Forms on a fetus during the last three months of its development

VELLUS HAIR

(1) Unpigmented and very fine, replaces lanugo hair around the time of birth
(2) Body hair on most women and children

TERMINAL HAIR

(1) Thick, coarse, and heavily pigmented
(2) Forms eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair on scalp

46
Q

Hair Follicle

A

DERMAL ROOT SHEATH - Part of dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath

EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARTS - Internal epithelial root sheath contains stratum basale that may remain after injury and supply source of new epidermis

47
Q

Hair Bulb

A
  • Internal matrix is the source of hair

- Dermis projects into a bulb as HAIR PAPILLA, serving as blood supply

48
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A

ANAGEN

(1) Growth phase
(2) Hair growth

CATAGEN

(1) Transition phase
(2) Detaches from the nourishing blood

TELOGEN

(1) Resting phase
(2) Hair dies and falls out

49
Q

Androgenetic Alopecia

A

Permanent hair loss / pattern baldness

50
Q

Arrector Pili

A
  • Type of smooth muscle
  • Muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end”
  • Skin is pushed up by movement of the
    hair follicle
  • Responsible for goosebumps (muscle contraction which causes the hair to stand)
51
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • Holocrine (death of secretory cells)
  • Oily secretion
  • Prevents drying and may inhibit bacteria
  • Most empty into the hair follicle
  • EXCEPTIONS: lips, meibomian glands of eyelids, genitalia
52
Q

Sweet (Sudoriferous) Glands’ Two Types

A

Eccrine (Merocrine) Gland

Apocrine Glands

53
Q

Eccrine (Merocrine) Gland

A
  • Most common
  • Simple coiled tubular glands
  • Open directly onto the surface of skin
  • Have own pores
  • Coiled part in dermis, duct exiting through epidermis
  • Produce isotonic fluid (sweat) containing mostly water and some wastes
  • Numerous in palms and soles
  • In the lower reticular dermis
54
Q

Apocrine Glands

A
  • Active at puberty
  • Compound coiled tubular
  • Usually open into hair follicles superficial to opening of sebaceous gland
  • SECRETION: organic compounds that are odorless but, when acted upon by bacteria, may become odiferous
  • In axillae, genitalia (external labia, scrotum), around anus
55
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • Modified merocrine sweat glands, external auditory meatus
  • Prevent dirt and insects from entry
  • Keep eardrum supple
  • Earwax (Cerumen)
56
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk

57
Q

Regeneration

A

Normal function returns

58
Q

Fibrosis

A

Normal functioning tissue is replaced by scar tissue (which leads to scarring)

59
Q

Burns

A

PARTIAL-THICKNESS

(1) First-degree - Epidermis
(2) Second-degree - Epidermis & dermis

FULL THICKNESS
(3) Third-degree - Epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous tissue

FOURTH-DEGREE

(1) Affects deeper structures
(2) Bones can be seen

SKIN GAFTS

(1) Split skin
(2) Artificial skin
(3) Cadavers/pigs

60
Q

The Rule of Nines

A
  • Used to estimate amount of body that is burned

- Proportions of adult and child differ

61
Q

System

A
  • Skin is more easily damaged because epidermis thins and amount of collagen decreases
  • Wrinkling occurs due to decrease in elastic fibers
  • Decrease in blood supply causes poor ability to regulate body temperature
  • Functioning melanocytes decrease/increase; age spots
  • Sunlight ages skin more rapidly

[ MT632 Lec ] Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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