201 L1

Question 1

Why are tissues different from each other?

Answer 1

They are composed of different cell types, which have different functions, therefore allowing different body functions

Question 2

Name the two components that make up all tissue types.

Answer 2

Cells

Extracellular matrix

Question 3

Name the 4 different tissue types.

Answer 3

Epithelia
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 4

What are the living and non-living components of tissue?

Answer 4

Cells - living

ECM - non - living

Question 5

What are the two components that make up the ECM?

Answer 5

Fibres

Ground substance

Question 6

What are the 3 fibres that contribute to the composition of the ECM?

Answer 6

Collagen fibres - bundled
Reticular fibres - non bundled collagen
Elastin fibres - elastic

Question 7

what makes up the ground substance of the ECM?

Answer 7

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

Question 8

GAGs are ———- and make the tissue ———–

Answer 8

GAGs are hydrophilic (love water) and make the tissue squishy

Question 9

Proteoglycans aid ———- and contribute to the ECMs ability to resist ————-

Answer 9

Proteoglycans aid cell migration and contribute to the ECMs ability to resist compression.

Question 10

What functions do glycoproteins have in the ECM?

Answer 10

Help stabilize the ECM by binding to other matrix components and to integrins in the cell membrane.

Question 11

What function does fibronectin have as a glycoprotein in the ECM?

Answer 11

Fibronectin can bind to collagen, proteoglycans and intigrins in the cell membrane to aid cell migration.

Question 12

What are chondronectin and osteonectin similar to in the ECM?

Answer 12

Fibronectin

All can bind to collagen, proteoglycans and integrins.

Question 13

Where is chondronectin found?

Answer 13

Carilage

Question 14

Where is Osteonectin found?

Answer 14

Bone

Question 15

Osteonectin may help the bindings of ———- ———- ——— ——– to ——— in the ECM.

Answer 15

Osteonectin may help the binding of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals to collagen in the ECM.

Question 16

The ground substance resists force of ———- while fibres withstand —— ——.

Answer 16

The ground substance resists force of compression while fibres withstand tensile force.

Question 17

Name the tissue described below:

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways & chambers, produces glandular secretions

Answer 17

Epithelia

Question 18

Name the tissue described below:

Fill internal spaces, provide structural support, store energy

Answer 18

Connective

Question 19

Name the tissue described below:

Contracts to produce active movement

Answer 19

Muscle

Question 20

Name the tissue described below:

Conduct electrical impulses, carries information

Answer 20

Nervous

Question 21

What quality of the connective tissue ground substance allows the exchange of nutrients and waste between cells and the blood supply?

Answer 21

The hydrated nature of the connective tissue ground substance.

Question 22

What cells produce most of the ground substance ECM?

Answer 22

Fibroblasts

Question 23

What effect does the ECM have on cells?

Answer 23

The ECM can modify cell shape and function, regulate cell development, migration, and survival.

Question 24

What cells are connective tissue derived from?

Answer 24

Mesodermal mesenchyme cells.

Question 25

Mesodermal mesenchyme cells secrete the ---- ------ ------- which is crucial for providing tissue with ------- ------.

Answer 25

Mesodermal mesenchyme cells secrete the extracellular matrix which is crucial for providing tissue with structural strength.

Question 26

Is connective tissue clasified primarily on the characteristics of the fibrous or non fibrous part of the ECM?

Answer 26

Non- fibrous

Question 27

Name the types of connective tissue

Answer 27

CT proper - loose or Dense Fluid CT - Blood & lymph Supporting CT - Bone & Cartilage

Question 28

Name the 3 types of Loose CT proper

Answer 28

Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue

Question 29

Name the 3 types of Dense CT proper

Answer 29

Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic

Question 30

Name the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 30

Hylaine cartilage Fibrous cartilage Elastic cartilage

Question 31

The ECM for bone & cartilage is --------- A) syrupy B) stiff C) liquid

Answer 31

B) Stiff

Question 32

The ECM for CT proper is ----- A) stiff B) syrupy C) liquid

Answer 32

B) syrupy

Question 33

CT proper is ----------, has a ------ cell density and a ------ ECM A) vascularised or non-vascularised B) High or Low C) Rich or Poor

Answer 33

CT proper is highly vascularised, has a low cell density and a rich ECM.

Question 34

What are the 3 main types of fibres for CT proper?

Answer 34

Collagen, reticular and elastic

Question 35

What is the most common fibre in CT proper?

Answer 35

Collagen

Question 36

Collagen fibres are made up of -------- ------- that are -------. the fibres are highly resistant to ------- because they are unable to be ---------. However collagen fibres are ---------.

Answer 36

Collagen fibres are made up of collagen fibrils that are bundled. The fibres are highly resistant to tension because they are unable to be stretched. However collagen fibres are flexible.

Question 37

Reticular fibres are made up of -------- ------- that are -------. The fibres are ------- and arranged in a ------- providing a supportive --------- --------- for cellular elements.

Answer 37

Reticular fibres are made up of collagen fibrils that are not bundled. The fibres are thin and arranged in a mesh providing a supportive lattice structure for cellular elements.

Question 38

Elastic fibres are --------- fibres made of ------- arranged in a ----- --------- providing the tissue with ----- to ------- and -----------

Answer 38

Elastic fibres are branched fibres made of elastin arranged in a 3D network providing the tissue with resistance to stretching and deformation.

Question 39

Name the fixed cells and their functions that are in the connective tissue.

Answer 39

Fibroblasts - produce CT fibres Fibrocytes - maintain CT fibres and matrix fixed macrophages - phagocytise pathogens and damaged cells adipocytes - store lipid reserves Mesenchymal cells - CT stem cells which differentiate into other cell types Melanocytes - synthesize melanin

Question 40

Name the wandering cells and their functions, that have usually escaped the blood system.

Answer 40

Free macrophages - mobile phagocytic cells mast cells - stimulate inflammation Lymphocytes - immune response Neutrophils and eosinophils - phagocytic blood cells that mobilize during infection or tissue injury.

Question 41

What are the main fixed cells?

Answer 41

Adipocytes

Question 42

What cells are more prevalent in areas where infectious pathogens are present.

Answer 42

fixed macrophages

Question 43

Where are blood vessels located and what is their function?

Answer 43

Located in CT | Provide nutrients

Question 44

Are blood vessels a part of the CT?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

``` Loose CT Fibres are packed/not-packed well/poorly vascularised Usually supports -------- tissue, filling spaces between ------- and ------- fibres, forming layers around small ------- --------. Usually composed of equal/non-equal parts of cells, fibres and non-fibrous ECM. Most numerous cells are ------. Most numerous fibres are -------. Flexible/ not flexible Resistant/ not resistant to stress ```

Answer 45

``` Loose CT Fibres are not-packed well vascularised Usually supports epithelial tissue, filling spaces between nerves and muscle fibres, forming layers around small blood vessels. Usually composed of equal parts of cells, fibres and non-fibrous ECM. Most numerous cells are fibroblasts. Most numerous fibres are collagen. Flexible not very resistant to stress ```

Question 46

Classify the CT described below: Collagen fibres are tightly packed and are primarily oriented in the same direction. Fibroblasts and fibrocytes are more flattened so the nuclei are elongated.

Answer 46

Dense regular CT

Question 47

Classify the CT described below: Collagen bundled fibres are tightly packed and organised in different directions. This helps the tissue withstand stress from different directions.

Answer 47

Dense irregular CT

Question 48

What CT is found in tissues where the forces that are needed to be resisted come in a particular direction. Give an example of this tissue type.

Answer 48

Dense regular CT | Muscle

Question 49

Fibronectin can bind to ------ and ------ to form a ------- ------. It can also bind to ------- for ------ ------- and -------.

Answer 49

Fibronectin can bind to collagen and GAGs to form a strong network. It can also bind to intigrins for cell adhesion and migration.