2014 Flashcards
(41 cards)
6 risk factors for stroke
a. Hypertension
b. Atrial fibrillation
c. Smoking
d. Hypercholesterolemia
e. Diabetes
f. Hereditary
Patient on amoxicillin for acute otitis media, metformin for Type 2 Diabetes ,
carbamazepine and selegiline. Which drug caused ataxia and nystagmus in patient?
Carbamazepine
How does grapefruit juice affect carbamazepine?
Grapefruit juice would increase the amount of drug the body absorbs which may lead to drug toxicity. Several organic compounds found in grapefruit and specifically in grapefruit juice exert inhibitory action on drug metabolism by the enzyme.
Mechanism of action for selegiline as an anti-depressant:
Selegiline is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B; MAO-B metabolizes dopamine and phenylethylamine. Increased dopamine levels reduce symptoms of depression.
What is another therapeutic use for selegiline?
As an anti-parkinsonian drug
Why is regular CBC necessary for patients on carbamazepine?
risk of agranulocytosis
Why is regular CBC necessary for patients on carbamazepine?
risk of agranulocytosis
Picture of catalase test, gram +ve cocci in clusters.
Name orgamism: Staphylococcus aureus
Give 3 organisms that can cause osteomyelitis:
a. E. Coli
b. Staphylococcus aureus
c. Haemophilus Influenzae
Why do the bacteria affect the metaphysis?
In adults, with closure of the growth plate, infection is mainly in the metaphysis. Because the growth plate is closed, the blood vessels become looping (hairpin loop). These large blood vessels gradually become narrow at the end causing stasis of the blood. Due to stasis, we have exudates which result in a focus of infection.
Which organism causes osteomyelitis in Sickle cell anaemia patients?
Salmonella species
Name the complication of chronic osteomyelitis as seen in the picture:
Maybe pathologic fracture or Epidermoid carcinoma of the fistula.
List 4 other complications of osteomyelitis:
a. Altered bone growth
b. Septic arthritis
c. Osteonecrosis
d. Skin cancer
Name 4 types of fractures:
a. Oblique
b. Comminuted
c. Spiral
d. Compound
List 3 broad categories of wound healing:
a. Procallus
b. Fibrocartilaginous callus
c. Osseous callus
List 5 complications of impaired wound healing:
a. Delayed union
b. Mal-union
c. Fibrous union
d. Non union
e. Soft tissue injury
Patient has osteoporosis. List 3 other metabolic diseases of bone:
a. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
b. Osteomalacia
c. Paget’s disease
Patient has osteoporosis. List 3 other metabolic diseases of bone:
a. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
b. Osteomalacia
c. Paget’s disease
List three broad categories of wound healing
A. Procallus
B. Fibrocartilaginous callus
C. Osseous callus
List 5 complications of impaired wound healing:
a. Delayed union
b. Mal-union
c. Fibrous union
d. Non union
e. Soft tissue injury
Patient has osteoporosis. List 3 other metabolic diseases of bone:
a. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
b. Osteomalacia
c. Paget’s disease
State whether calcium, phosphate and ALP will be normal, low or high:
a. Calcium: normal
b. Phosphate: normal
c. ALP: normal
What’s the role of oestrogen in osteoporosis pathogenesis in menopausal women?
Cytokines recruit osteoclasts to take part in bone resorption. Oestrogen decreases cytokine levels thereby reducing osteoclast recruitment and bone resorption. In menopause, there isn’t any oestrogen to do this and thus, there is increased bone resorption causing osteoporosis.
Name the virus and pathognomic cell seen in Hodgkin’s lymphoma (classical) and Adult T- cell Lymphoma/Leukaemia:
a. Hodgkin’s lymphoma (classical): Reed-Steenberg Cells/ EBV b. Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia: Convoluted lymphocytes/ HTLV1 retrovirus
