2019.Iss3.Dzes of Donkeys & mules

Question 1

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

Why is diarrhea rarely seen in donkeys?

Answer 1

b/c of the enhanced water absorption capacity of the large colon

Question 2

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

When dosing sedatives in mules, what is typically required?

Answer 2

1/3 - 1/2 extra dose of sedatives compared to a similarly sized pony or horse

Question 3

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

Donkeys jugular vein in the midneck region can be covered by what muscle?

Answer 3

strong cutaneous coli muscle
**used to support their large head

Question 4

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

The stomach of a 180 kg donkey can accomodate how much fluid?

Answer 4

3 liters of fluid

Question 5

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

When performing an epidural in a donkey, what is different in comparison to horses?

Answer 5

-best performed in 2nd coccygeal vertebrae @ 30 degree angle to the horizonal, 1 space further back and at a shallower angle than in the horse bc of lack of muscular

Question 6

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

Adult donkeys do not share a level of immunity as horses & ponies, to this parasite. Foals & heavily infested adult donkeys are at risk of ileal impaction & intestinal rupture in extreme cases.

Answer 6

Parascaris equorum

Question 7

Gastrointestinal disorders of donkey and mules

How should NSAID dosing be changed in dehydrated donkeys?

Answer 7

Do half a dose to reduce risk of renal toxicity

Question 8

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

What is the difference in BAL & TTW samples between horses and donkeys?

Answer 8

BAL samples in healthy donkeys have higher macros and TTW samples show higher neutrophil & eosinophil counts

Question 9

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

What is the most common cause of sinusitis in older donkeys?

Answer 9

secondary to poorly managed dental disease
**predisposing to weight loss & hyperlipidemia

Question 10

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

Besides strep equi, whaat is another organism that can cause empyema & chondroids in donkeys?

Answer 10

Strep equi ssp zooepidemicus
**suspect secondary to immunosuppression

Question 11

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

C/s of chronic cough, inspiratory & expiratory dyspnea, excessive tracheal noise & even vibrations on auscultation, should include what differential in donkeys?

Answer 11

tracheal collapse

Question 12

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

How can lungworm infestation be diagnosed in donkeys?

Answer 12

Baermann technique on fecal examinaiton

Question 13

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

What is the recommended treatment of donkeys with lungfworm?

Answer 13

ivermectin (200 microg/kg) orally

Question 14

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

The presence of which parasites, is associated with coughing in young animals, as larvae pass via the lungs to the pharynx and then swallowed.

Answer 14

ascarids or roundworms (Parascaris equorum)
**donkeys harbor significant ascarid burdens)

Question 15

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

Donkeys infected with what virus, show similar C/S: pyrexia, coughing, and nasal d/c but ar eat higher risk of secondary bronchopneumonia?

Answer 15

Equine influenza virus

Question 16

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

in comparison to horses, how susceptible are donkeys & mules to glanders (Burkholderia mallei)?

Answer 16

donkeys- most susceptible
mules- less susceptible

Question 17

Respiratory Disorders of the Donkey

What are C/S of glanders disease seen in donkeys?

Answer 17

nasal & pulmonary forms:
fever, ulcerating nodules in the nasal passages, dec appetite & wt loss, depression, coughing & progressive dyspnea

Question 18

Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition

What is the daily maintenance requirement for donkeys in dry matter?

Answer 18

1.3-1.8% bodyweight

Question 19

Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition

Do donkeys maintain a normal appetite when dehydrated?

Answer 19

Yes, typically leading to a late diagnosis of dehydration & concurrent issues, such as colic

Question 20

Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition

Why should a low protein diet by administered in liver disease?

Answer 20

decreases intestinal ammonia production

Question 21

Donkey Nutrition & Malnutrition

What diet should be avoided in kidney disease?

Answer 21

diets high in calcium and protein
Ideal: (low Ca and protein <8%)
**avoid alfalfa & clover hay

Question 22

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules

What is the difference in NSAIDs in horses vs Donkeys?

Answer 22

NSAIDs are metabolized faster in donkeys
**dosing increased or dosing intervals reduced

Question 23

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules

What is the difference in alpha 2doses between donkeys/mules/horses?

Answer 23

dose of alpha2 agonists should be increased by 50% above the equine dose n mules, mini donkeys and feral or excited animals

Question 24

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules

What is the difference in Guaifenisen dosing between donkeys/mules/horses?

Answer 24

has a longer half-life in donkeys compared to horses
**recovery time could be prolonged in some donkeys

Question 25

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules What is the difference in Ketamine doses between donkeys/mules/horses?

Answer 25

Donkeys: shorter half-life faster clearance

Question 26

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules What is the recommended treatment for Babesia cabali, piroplasmosis & Theileria equi?

Answer 26

Imidocarb diproprionate

Question 27

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules To prevent toxicity with imidocarb diproprionate toxicity, wheat is recommended to premed with?

Answer 27

**toxicity: acetylcholinsterase inhibition *recommended premed with anticholineragic drugs such as glycopyrrolate or N-butylscopolammonium bromide 5 to 10 minutes prior to admin

Question 28

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules What is the treatment of choice for lungworms in donkeys?

Answer 28

moxidectin

Question 29

Clinical Pharmacology in Donkeys & Mules How are psoroptic and chorioptic mange in donkeys treated?

Answer 29

topical solutions: pyrethroids, sulfur Or oral macrocyclic lactones: ivermectin, moxidectin or eprinomectin

Question 30

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What are the major skin diseases of tonkeys?

Answer 30

1. pruritus 2. nodular skin disease 3. alopecia 4. moist/exudative dermatoses 5. dry dermatosis (flaking & scaling) 6. pigmentary changes

Question 31

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What skin disorder is seen in a transient venereal infection, that can affect the penis of the stallion, perineal skin & vulva of the jenny (vesicles, secondary infection)?

Answer 31

Equine herpesvirus 3-infection

Question 32

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What are the common bacterial skin diseases of donkeys?

Answer 32

1. Dermatophilosis 2. Staphylococcal infections, streptococcal furunculosis & folliculitis 3. fusobacterial dermatitis and coronitis (fusobacterium necrophorum)

Question 33

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule a painful skin lesions typically involves which bacteria?

Answer 33

staphylococci *(moderately painful-- streptococci

Question 34

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What kind of lesions do dermatophilosis leave?

Answer 34

focal lesions, with loose scab **leaves red base after removal **lesion is more irritating than painful

Question 35

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What kind of skin disease does this donkey likely have?

Answer 35

Dermatophilosis (rain scald) -- dorsal location of the infection, pattern of rain run-off -donkey is in poor body condition

Question 36

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What is the cause of ringworm in equids?

Answer 36

dermatophyte infestation-- Trichophyton spp & microsporum spp

Question 37

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What is the recommended treatment for rain scald?

Answer 37

-topical antifungal washes: enilconazole or natamycin **improve nutrition/immunocompromise

Question 38

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule what is the main presenting sign of rabies in donkeys?

Answer 38

pruritis & self trauma either on perineal or distal limb locations **usually bite/lick/rub at site of inoculation

Question 39

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule In donkeys what is a presenting clinical sign of PA toxicity, that isn't a primary presentation in horses?

Answer 39

photosensitization-- sometimes the first time of PA toxicity **not always confined to the white-skinned areas

Question 40

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule In comparison to horses, what kind of sarcoid do donkeys develop?

Answer 40

-severe & fibrobalstic lesions **occult & currocse is less common

Question 41

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule Where do donkeys commonly develop sarcoids (especially the fibroblastic sarcoids)?

Answer 41

-face (esp around mouth & eyes) -groin -sheath regions

Question 42

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule What is the most common skin tumor of donkeys?

Answer 42

sarcoids

Question 43

Skin Disorders of the Donkey and Mule Do donkeys get cushings disease/equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?

Answer 43

yes -- sim c/s of unexplained long summer coat in donkeys >15 years old

Question 44

Hoof disorders and farriery in the donkey Whta are normal insulin/acth levels in donkeys?

Answer 44

Question 45

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys what is the most common metabolic disorder in donkeys?

Answer 45

hyperlipemia

Question 46

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys What is leptin?

Answer 46

the hormone for satiety and energy expenditure **endocrine and metabolic functions

Question 47

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys What is the function of leptin?

Answer 47

-decreases insulin secretion -reduces hepatic glucose production -increases hepatic insulin extraction -promotes insulin sensitivity

Question 48

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys describe the dynamic testing for donkeys with metabolic syndrome

Answer 48

Question 49

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys Using the TRH stimulation test, when is a donkey considered PPID positive?

Answer 49

ACTH concen higher than 110 pg/mL 10 minutes after injecting 1 mg TRH of TRH IV

Question 50

Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys What is the recommended dose of pergolide for donkeys with PPID?

Answer 50

0.25-0.5 mg/250 kg (.001-.002)