2023-01-10 Test

Question 1

GIS

Answer 1

geographical information system
spatial system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data

Question 2

Raster

Answer 2

pixels for graphics/a format of data

Question 3

vectors

Answer 3

another form of data/mathematical formula

Question 4

scale

Answer 4

expressed in a ratio
ratio numbers only are useful on paper
scale bars utilized on digital images
if ratio is smaller, then the map is larger scale
large scale maps = high detail but low area
as area covered increases, errors increase

Question 5

contour lines

Answer 5

lines on a map that indicate topographical differences

Question 6

iteration culture and collaborative iteration

Answer 6

cite your sources
put your name (who-what-when) on map
file names with hyphens
make them editable later and post your data/layers
copyright notices

Question 7

Ptopo graphs

Answer 7

show elevation/tophography
hills, mountains, valleys, etc

Question 8

three Cs

Answer 8

Contrast – separate facetypes and elements that are clearly distinct (attention getting and emphasizes important elements)
Concordant – one type family without variety in shape/style/weight (harmonius but dull)
Conflicting – combination of similar typefaces but not the same (disturbing)

Question 9

design is ___ for ___ ____

Answer 9

fundamental, communicating effectively

Question 10

good lies for map making

Answer 10

generalizations such as cities represented as dots

Question 11

bad lies for map making

Answer 11

chloropleth map (maps that have misleading percentages)
misleading colors (maps that lack a color series)

Question 12

Tufte’s

Answer 12

Data vs Chartjunk
data to ink ratio matters
how much of the markings on the map actually matter/give meaning
go easy on the grid, let the data shine, not retreat

Question 13

Campbell’s 6 Principles

Answer 13

use the space given
use normal english
watch the colors
just utilize one legend
put your name on it (who/what/when/where)
high resolution

Question 14

Geodesy

Answer 14

precise measurement of the Earth’s shape and size

Question 15

datum

Answer 15

reference point
given that ___, then ___
helps give more precise values

Question 16

common datums

Answer 16

NAD27 : made in 1927, not used for new maps, utilizes Clark 1866
WGS84 : datum for GPS

Question 17

types of maps

Answer 17

conformal, equal-area, compromise

Question 18

conformal maps

Answer 18

conforms to shapes/preserves shape
preserves angles but not lengths

Question 19

equal area maps

Answer 19

shapes are distorted but not that badly
preserve area measure

Question 20

compromise maps

Answer 20

not conformal or equal-area
ex: Robinson, Winkle, Equirectangular

Question 21

contrast

Answer 21

avoid similar elements on the same page
clarifies communication and catches eye

Question 22

repetition

Answer 22

repeat elements throughout for organization and unity

Question 23

alignment

Answer 23

each element must have a visual connection with another element
can help with intellectual organization to give the layout more strength

Question 24

proximity

Answer 24

place related elements close for cohesion and organization

Question 25

Earth's Datum

Answer 25

ellipsoid/3D circle

Question 26

projection

Answer 26

transferring longitude and latitude onto a plane surface

Question 27

Photography History

Answer 27

remote sensing = photography 1854 - stereophotography 1860 - aerial photos 1914 - panorama 1930s - mass aerial photos from FDR's new deals post-1988 - maps become abstractions of aerials

Question 28

types of photography

Answer 28

stereo pano repho

Question 29

mosaic

Answer 29

stitched panoramas

Question 30

aerial photos (3 characteristics)

Answer 30

heavily overlap 1: leaf on vs leaf off -- representation of foliage within maps, leaf off can allow for more ground feature detail 2: vertical vs oblique -- straight down or from an angle 3: orthophoto/orthorectified: corrected for use

Question 31

ortho

Answer 31

corrected, worked on, can be used, not wobbly

Question 32

DOQ

Answer 32

digital orthophoto quad

Question 33

resolution

Answer 33

what you can discriminate from other things/what the smallest entity you can make out on the photo/map

Question 34

measurements of resolution

Answer 34

pixels (ex: dots per inch [dpi]) scale (1:80,000) smallest thing you can make out

Question 35

GPS

Answer 35

Global Positioning System tells you longitude and latitude NAVSTAR GPS (1978) becomes GPS for the public GPS was opened up to the public around the Cold War after Russia shoots down an aircraft accidentally crossing their territory

Question 36

differential GPS (DGPS)

Answer 36

a system to correct GPS signals that utilizes reference stations nearby to correct mobile GPS receivers helps selective availability

Question 37

selective availability

Answer 37

intentional degradation of GPS by the government for national security reasons

Question 38

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

Answer 38

uses differential GPS, country-size GPS scale, covers North America only

Question 39

hardcopy maps

Answer 39

drawn/written/printed

Question 40

digitizing/digital maps

Answer 40

process of collecting digital coordinates, usually satellite or aerial

Question 41

map components: data area/pane

Answer 41

largest part of map, contains most of spatial data

Question 42

map components: netaline

Answer 42

provides frame around map elements

Question 43

map components: insets

Answer 43

contains additional elements (zoom in of part of map)

Question 44

map components: map scale

Answer 44

ratio of distance on the map corresponding to ground distance

Question 45

map components: graticule

Answer 45

lines on a map that represent constant longitude and latitude/set of coordinate lines

Question 46

map components: grid

Answer 46

line of constant coordinates (doesn't show latitude or longitude)

Question 47

feature map

Answer 47

maps points, lines, or areas, nominal information, not ortho/to scale

Question 48

chloropleth maps

Answer 48

quantitative information

Question 49

dot density map

Answer 49

quantitative data, dots or other point symbols represent values

Question 50

isopleth/contour maps

Answer 50

represents continuous surfaces ex: rainfall, elevation, temperature

Question 51

map generalizations

Answer 51

unavoidable approximation of real features when represented on a map

Question 52

map generalizations: fused

Answer 52

multiple features grouped to form larger feature

Question 53

map generalizations: simplified

Answer 53

boundary/shape details rounded off

Question 54

map generalizations: displaced

Answer 54

offsetting feature to prevent overlap or provide distance between symbols

Question 55

map generalizations: omitted

Answer 55

feature is omitted

Question 56

map generalizations: exaggerated

Answer 56

larger than true size

Question 57

cartography

Answer 57

art and technique of making maps to communicate spatial data/information

Question 58

cartography: point

Answer 58

symbol size, unit (1/55th of an inch)

Question 59

metadata

Answer 59

'data about the data' information about spatial data, required for effective use of spatial data

Question 60

mercator map

Answer 60

useful for navigation in the past for sea conformal cylindrical distorts the map and does not show true size of continents most popular projection because uses relative sizes accurately pulls the poles and distorts areas around the poles the most