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EnVR194 Soils > 2023 Mid Term > Flashcards

2023 Mid Term Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

%CF refers to:

A

Percentage of rocks greater than 2mm in size

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2
Q

What is an S6 stream?

A

Stream under 3m in size that is not fish bearing or a drinking water source

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3
Q

What are the 5 factors in soil formation?

A

Parent material
Time
Biota
Climate
Topography

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4
Q

What are the typical layers of a soil horizion?

A

LFH = (litter, fermentation, humus)
A = (mineral horizion of organic soil or leaching (eluviation)
B = horizion of illuviation (accumulation) materials freed up from A or LFH horizions.
C = Horizion not really effected by soil forming processes

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5
Q

What is an Ah horizon?

A

Humus enriched

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6
Q

What is an Ae horizon?

A

Leaching has occurred

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7
Q

What is an Ahe horizon?

A

Combination of humus enriched and leaching

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8
Q

What is a Bm horizon?

A

Slightly modified

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9
Q

What is a Bt horizon?

A

Clay enriched

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10
Q

What is a Bf horizon?

A

Iron enriched

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11
Q

What is a Bg horizon?

A

Mottling/gleying

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12
Q

What is a Bk horizon?

A

Calcium carbonate present?

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13
Q

What are the three types humus layers?

A

Mor, mull, moder

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14
Q

What is a mor and where does it form?

A

Forms in moist cool climates
Common under coniferus forests
Fungal mycelium is matted in F layer
Few insects, abrupt transitions between layers within LFH

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15
Q

What is a moder?

A

Forms in moderate climates
Found under both deciduous and coniferus forests
Loose mycelium, insects activity
Gradually transitions between layers within LFH

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16
Q

What is a mull?

A

Forms in warm/arid climates
Found in dry forests or grasslands
No Fungal activity, lots of insects
L and F layere very thin, no H layer
Ah layer present

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17
Q

What is a brunisolic soil?

A

Weakly developed
Little or no A horizon
Tends to be young soils
Key horizon is Bm

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18
Q

What is a Chernozem soil?

A

Typically in grasslands

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19
Q

What is a Chernozem soil?

A

Typically in grasslands

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20
Q

What is a gleysol?

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A

Waterlogged soil/seasonal water table
Reduction and oxidation of iron
Key horizon is Bg

21
Q

What is a podzol?

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A

Rapid leaching
Ae horizon often present
Coarse textured in high rainfall environments
Often coastal or in mountains

Key horizon is Bf

22
Q

What defines an organic soil (soil order)

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A

Organic material greater than 40 centimeters
Found in wetlands typically

23
Q

When field texturing, what are the characteristics of sand?

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A

Feels grainy, can see individual grains
Non sticky

24
Q

When field texturing, what are the characteristics of silt?

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A

Feels gritty when dry, soapy when wet

25
What two types of crusts on earth are there?
Oceanic and continental
26
What are the differences between oceanic and continental crusts?
Continental = Thick (20 to 90km), less dense and more buoyant, composed of aluminum and silica (granitic) Oceanic = Thin layer (5 to 10km thick), denser than continental crusts, mostly iron and magnesium (basalt)
27
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Divergent, convergent, transform
28
What defines a divergent plate?
Convection currents and other forces pull plates apart Occurs mainly at mid Oceanic ridges Creates new lithosphere Rising magma causes sea floor to diverge
29
What are convergent plates and the three types of them?
Occurs where two plates collide Results in destruction of lithosphere Results in one plate being subducted by the other 3 types are: Oceanic-oceanic Continental-Continental Oceanic-continetial
30
What are the characteristics and differences between the three types of convergent plates?
Oceanic-oceanic = initiates volcanic activity on ocean floor Can create new islands Older plates are heavier and are subducted below younger ones Continental-Continental = Little to no subduction occurs Crust is forced together or onto of each other Forms mountains Oceanic-continential = Ocean crusts are subducted under continental ones Partial melting results in magma
31
What are transform plate boundaries?
Plates slide laterally past you Movement can cause earthquakes
32
What are the two types of rock weathering?
Mechanical and chemical
33
What are the three types of rocks and what are they?
Igneous - formed from magma Sedimentary- formed from surface processes Metamorphic - formed by heat and pressure
34
Define how igneous rock forms.
Lava is extruded onto the landscape and cools quickly with air or water contact. Crystals do not form; rock is fine textured like basalt and obsidian.
35
Define the difference between felsic and mafic rock.
Felsic = high silica content. Rich in light colored minerals (quartz and feldspar). Ie granite. Continental plates are mostly felsic Mafic = low silica content. Rich in dark minerals (iron and magnesium). Ie basal5. Oceanic plates are mostly mafic. Rocks can be intermediate between the two as well. Ie Diotrite.
36
What are the different types of intrusive structures.
Dikes Sills Batholiths Stocks Veins
37
What is a dike?
Magma gets injected into fractures Forms vertical walls Can be a few km long Varies in chemical composition
38
What is a sill?
Intrusions formed when magma is interjected along Sedimentary bedding surfaces (Horizontal)
39
What is a batholith?
Pluton of magma greater than 100km that cools below the surface
40
What is a stock?
A small intrusion of magma (Small batholith)
41
What is a vein?
Crystallized minerals carried ban an aqueous solution/deposited by precipitation. Very narrow, in cracks or forced in rock by pressure
42
How are Sedimentary rocks formed?
Can be formed by weathering breaking down existing rocks Can also be formed from organic materials (limestone, coal) Material is moved, accumulates, and then lithifies
43
What is evidence of rocks being moved by water?
Rocks will be sorted, rounded.
44
What are the two ways sediment is turned to rock?
Compaction and cementation
45
How does compaction to form Sedimentary rocks occur?
Weight of an overlaying material exerts pressure For example shale forms from clay being compacted by water
46
How does cementation form rocks?
Precipitation from water percolator through sediment fills open spaces and joins particles. Calcite, silica and iron oxide are the most common cements
47
List some Sedimentary rocks
Limestone Sandstone Shale Chert Conglomerate
48
What are some of the processes involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Heat: turns minerals into new forms, changes distribution of minerals. Usually, due to magma near the surface or rock subsiding deeper around subduction zones. Pressure: Changes physical properties (ie Sandstone to quartz)
49
What is foliation?
Parallel alignment of minerals in metamorphic rock due to pressure.

EnVR194 Soils (5 decks)

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