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MIIM30002 - Principles of Immunology > Lecture 2 - Cells & Tissues of the Immune System I > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Cells & Tissues of the Immune System I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a major difference between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system?

A

Lymphatic is an open circuit, unlike the circulatory system

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2
Q

Where do most infections occur? Why is this important?

A

In the tissue

The tissue fluid is drained into lymphatics, so that the immune system can respond accordingly

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3
Q

Describe lymph circulation

A
  1. Tissue fluid drains into lymphatic capillaries
  2. Travels through lymphatics
  3. Passes through at least one lymph node
  4. Draining into subclavian veins
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4
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow, but they develop in the thymus

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5
Q

Which cell is very important for representing what is happening in the periphery in lymph nodes?

A

Dendritic cells

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node

A
  • Capsule
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Follicles w/ Germinal centres : B cells
  • Paracortex : T cells
  • Afferent & efferent lymphatics
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7
Q

Where are B cells found in lymph nodes & white pulp?

A

Follicle, Germinal centre

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8
Q

Which organs receive lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

NOT spleen

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9
Q

Which fluids does the spleen receive?

A

Blood

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the spleen

A

Trabecular artery & vein

Red pulp: Erythrocytes

White pulp:
• PALS: peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath : T cells
• Germinal centre: B cells
• B cell corona
• Marginal zone
• Perifollicular zone
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11
Q

Describe in general the role of the white pulp

A

Basically like a lymph node; immune response

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12
Q

What is the role of the spleen?

A

Collects up old, dying red blood cells

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13
Q

What is the rationale for the naming of eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils?
What is the collective name for these cells?

A

Eosinophils: stain with eosin
Basophils: stain with a basic dye
Neutrophils: don’t stain

These are the granulocytes

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14
Q

What is the general function of the granulocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Describe how neutrophils can kill bacteria

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Degranulation
  3. NETs
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16
Q

Where are neutrophils normally found?

A

In the blood

They are rarely found in healthy tissue

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17
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

Majority found in the tissues (opposite of neutrophils)

18
Q

Describe the function of eosinophils

A 
Releases toxic granules that kill parasites
Two types of granule:
1. Microbicidal:
• Radicals
• Toxic proteins
  1. Immunomodulatory
    • Leukotrienes
    • Protaglandins
    • Cytokines
19
Q

What are the two types of granules released by eosinophils?

A
  • Microbicial

* Immunomodulatory

20
Q

What is the function of basophils?

Where are they found?

A

Granule release:
• Release of histamine from cytoplasmic granules (similar to Mast cells)
• Cytokines

  • Role in parasitic infection & allergy (similar to eosinophils)
  • Have IgER (similar to Mast cells)
  • Role in T cell development

Location
• Recruited out of the blood to the site of infection (similar to neutrophils)
• Are also found in tissue

21
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and monocytes?

A

Monocytes: in the blood
Macrophages: in the tissues

22
Q

What are some features of Mast cells?

A
  • Contain granules; release of histamine (also cytokines)
  • Release in response to Fc receptor cross linking

• Have FcER; binds IgE

23
Q

Where are DCs normally found?

A

In tissues

24
Q

What is very important about DCs?

A

They are innate cells, but they activate the adaptive immune system

25
Q

What is the function of NKs?

Be specific!

A

Kill cells through toxic granule release that are missing ‘self’ components on surface

Contents of granule:
• Perforin
• Granzymes

26
Q

What is the differentiation between NKs and CTLs?

A

NKs do not have T cell receptors, which which they can recognise specific cells

NKs only kills cells that are recognised as generically expressing non-self components

27
Q

How many amino acids in an epitope?

A

8

28
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • Neutralisation
  • Opsonisation
  • Complement activation
  • Cell mediated immunity (ADCC)
29
Q

What are the important organs of the immune system?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
30
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

In the chest at the base of the neck

Sitting in from of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

31
Q

What are the two progenitor cells in the bone marrow, and what do they give rise to respectively?

A

Myeloid progenitor: innate cells + erythrocytes

Lymphoid progenitor: adaptive cells (+ NKs)

32
Q

What are the stem cells in the bone marrow?

A

Haematopoetic stem cells

33
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A
  1. Pseudopods extend out around the bacterium
  2. Phagosome forms
  3. Lysosome fuses with the phagosome
  4. Degredation of phagolysosome contents
34
Q

Describe the most important role of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis of invaders in infected tissue

35
Q

How do eosinophils kill invaders?

A

Release of toxic granules

36
Q

What is in the immunomodulatory granules release by eosinophils?

A

• Histamine

37
Q 
Where are the following cells found:
• Mast cells
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
A

MS: Connective tissue

Basophils: tissue & blood

Eosinophils: tissue

Neutrophils: in circulation

38
Q

What is the effect of histamine?

A
  • Increased vascular permeability

* Vasodilation

39
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

They are produced and develop in the bone marrow

40
Q

Which cell type releases histamine?

Which cell type releases it most potently?

A
  • Mast cells (most potent releaser)
  • Basophils

NB Eosinophils release immunomodulatory granules containing leukotrienes & prostaglandins etc.

41
Q

Which cell type are basophils quite similar to?

A

Mast cells

MIIM30002 - Principles of Immunology (30 decks)

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