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Genetics > Chapter 12 Gene Transcription and RNA Modification > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Gene Transcription and RNA Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What is transcription?

A

making a copy. Synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence

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2
Q

What are structural Genes?

A

Genes that encode amino acids of polypeptides.

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3
Q

What is a promoter?

A

provides site for start of transcription. Short sequence of DNA that is necessary to initiate transcription.

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4
Q

What is a terminator?

A

provides site for stop of transcription

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5
Q

what are coding strands?

A

non-template strands

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6
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

factors that recognize base sequences and control transcription

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7
Q

Regulatory sequences?

A

Regulators of transcription. Increase or decrease rate of transcription

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8
Q

What is ribosome binding site?

A

short sequence on mRNA that binds and begins translation

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9
Q

Codon

A

located in mRNA read in groups of three nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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11
Q

How are promoters numbered

A

in relation to transcriptional start site. (first base used as template for RNA). Numbered in negative direction with no zero

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12
Q

What are subunits of core enzymes?

A

5 subunits (sixth is sigma)

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13
Q

What do alpha subunits do?

A

there are two and they help properly assemble haloenzymes in process of binding DNA

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14
Q

What do Beta and Beta’ do?

A

needed for binding DNA and carrying out synthesis

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15
Q

What does omega do?

A

Reconginzes promoter

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16
Q

what do haloenzymes do?

A

inititatie transcription

17
Q

Initiation in detail:

A

Loosley bound haloenzymes slide down DNA strand. recogniezes the promoter and -35 and -10 region. Omega has helix turn helix motif structure that binds tightly to promoter. Alpha helixace fit into grooves and form hydrogen bonds. Forming a closed complex. Double stranded DNA unwound and -10 region.

18
Q

what is p dependent termination?

A

termination requiring protein p(rho)

19
Q

What does p(rho) create?

A

Stem loops which stop transcription

20
Q

What does RNA poly 1 do in eukaryotic transcription?

A

Trancribes all genes that encode ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

21
Q

What does RNA poly 2 do in eukaryotic transcription?

A

cellular transcription because it transcribes all structural genes (sRNA)

22
Q

What does RNA Polly 3 do in eukaryotic transcritption

A

Transcribes tRNA

23
Q

What is core promter composed of?

A

Promter, tata box, trascriptional start site

24
Q

Cis Elements

A

Exert effect over super close genes

25
Q

Trans

A

Can be far from gene they control

26
Q

When is the transcription of Eukaryotic Structural genes inititated?

A

When RNA Poly II and general transcription factors bind to promoter

27
Q

What is allosteric model

A

After transcription poly II is destabalized due to release of elongation factors

28
Q

Torpedo Model

A

Endonucleus binds to 5 end and starts degrading 5 to 3

29
Q

What is colinearity?

A

one to one ration btw sequences of codons

30
Q

Exons

A

Regions within mRNA

31
Q

Introns

A

found btw exxons

32
Q

RNA splicing

A

introns removed exons connected

33
Q

Self Splicing

A

occurs btw groups 1 and 2

34
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

located in nucleus altered by splicing but needs splicosomes to occur

35
Q

Spliceosomes

A

composed of snurps which are made of RNA and protein

36
Q

What is the function of spliceosomes?

A

Find to introns
hold pre-mRNA in correct config
cataylze reacction that removes intron

37
Q

What is alternative splicing and is it advantageous?

A

variation in splicing do to multiple introns. And YES

38
Q

what is 5’ cap and what is its function?

A

1) recognizes binding proteins required for proper exit of mRNA from nucleus
2) Cap binding recognized by initiation factors needed for first step of translatoin
3) efficient splicing of introns

39
Q

Poly A Tail

A

Important in eukaryotes string of adenine nuclteotides important for mRNA stability and synthesis of polypeptides

Genetics (11 decks)

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