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Bacteriology > Lecture 2 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Function of lysozyme

A

Degrade peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Which type of bacteria is lysozyme particularly effective against?

A

Gram +

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3
Q

Which type of bacteria is lysozyme less effective against?

A

Gram -

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4
Q

Auxillary cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Megakaryocyte
2) Basophil
3) Mast cell

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5
Q

Phagocytic cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Monocyte/Macrophage
2) Neutrophil
3) Dendritic cell

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6
Q

Difference between macrophages and monocytes

A

Monocytes citculate in the blood

Macrophages reside in tissues

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7
Q

What do RIG-like helicases detect?

A

dsRNA

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8
Q

What do NOD-like receptors detect?

A

Peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What does TLR4 detect?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

What detects lipopolysaccharide?

A

TLR4

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11
Q

What detects peptidoglycan?

A

NOD-like receptor

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12
Q

What detects surface proteins?
1)
2)

A

1) TLR1/TLR2 complex

2) TLR2/TLR6 complex

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13
Q

What detects dsRNA?

A

TLR-3, RIG-like helicase

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14
Q

What does TLR-3 detect?

A

dsRNA

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15
Q

What do TLR-7 and TLR-8 detect?

A

ssRNA

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16
Q

What detects ssRNA?

A

TLR-7 and TLR-8

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17
Q

What detects CpG DNA?

A

TLR-9

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18
Q

What does TLR-9 detect?

A

CpG DNA

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19
Q

What does TLR-5 detect?

A

Flagellin

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20
Q

What detects flagellin?

A

TLR-5

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21
Q

What detects uropathogenic bacteria?

A

TLR-11

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22
Q

What does TLR-11 detect?

A

Uropathogenic bacteria

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23
Q

Where is TLR-5 expressed?

A

Basolateral surface of epithelial cells

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24
Q

Which toll-like receptors are expressed within an endosome?

A

TLR-3
TLR-7
TLR-9

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25
Q

What is NLRP?

A

Nod-like receptor family with N-terminal PYD domain

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26
Q

What makes up an inflammosome complex?

A

Nod-like receptor, PYHIN

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27
Q

What do inflammosomes do?

A

Activate pro-caspase1

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28
Q

Function of NLR domain in NLRP

A

Sensor domain

29
Q

Function of NACHT domain in NLRP

A

Oligomerisation domain.

Binds to other proteins when activated

30
Q

Function of PYD domain in NLRP

A

Signal transduction

Caspase recruitment

31
Q

Function of ASC domain in NLRP

A

Adaptor protein

Recruits pro-caspase 1

32
Q

What does activated caspase 1 do?

A

1) Converts pro-IL-1b to IL-1b

2) Activates IL-18

33
Q

Function of IL-1b

A

Inflammatory mediator

34
Q

Function of IL-18

A

With IL-12 promotes IFN-gamma production

35
Q

Effect of NLRP4/NAIP activation

A

1) Pyroptosis
2) Eicosanoid production
3) Cytokine processing

36
Q 
What results in NLRP3 activation?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Pore-forming toxins
2) Ionophoric compounds
3) High extracellular [Ca] or [ATP]
4) E. coli or V. cholerae

37
Q

Results of NLRP3 activation

A

1) Pyroptosis
2) IL-1b, IL-18 release
3) Increase macrophage phagocytosis and digestion

38
Q

What do inflammasomes sense?

A

Microbes in cytoplasm

DAMPS

39
Q

Function of PYD or CARD domain in NLRP

A

Recruit ASC

40
Q

Which part of the NLRP recruits ASC?

A

PYD or CARD domain

41
Q

What does complement receptor 1 on a macrophage detect?

A

C3b

42
Q

What does complement receptor 3 on a macrophage detect?

A

iC3b

43
Q

What detects C3b on a macrophage?

A

Complement receptor 1

44
Q

What detects iC3b on a macrophage?

A

Complement receptor 3

45
Q

What does a C1q receptor on a macrophage detect?

A

Mannose binding lectin

46
Q

What on a macrophage detects mannose binding lectin?

A

C1q

47
Q

What does a mannan receptor on a macrophage detect?

A

Glycoconjugates

48
Q

What on a macrophage detects glycoconjugates?

A

Mannan receptor

49
Q

Three ways to activate complement cascade

A

1) Classical pathway
2) Lectin pathway
3) Alternative pathway

50
Q 
Classical pathway
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
A

1) Antibodies activate C1
2) C1 activates C2, C4
3) C3 convertase converts to C3
4) C3b. C3a discarded as an opsonin
5) Formation of C5 convertase C5b. C5a discarded
6) C6, C7, C8, C9
7) Formation of attack complex

51
Q 
Lectin pathway
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Collectins attached to mannan activate C2 and C4
2) c3 convertase converts to C3
3) C3b. C3a discarded as an opsonin
4) C5 convertase. C5b formed. C5a discarded
5) C6, C7, C8, C9
6) Attack complex formed

52
Q 
Alternative pathway
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Bacterial surface molecules bind C3b
2) C3 convertase
3) C3b. C3a discarded as opsonin
4) C5 convertase. C5a discarded
5) C6, C7, C8, C9
6) Attack complex formed

53
Q

Function of C5a

A

1) Chemotaxis
2) Inflammation
3) B cell activation

54
Q 
Action of complement components
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Bacterial lysis (C6, C7, C8, C9)
2) Inflammation (C5a)
3) Chemotaxis (C5a)
4) Opsonisation (C3a)
5) Second signal for B cell activation (detected with CR2) (iC3b)

55
Q 
How does C5a contribute to inflammation?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Mast cells release histamine
2) Chemoattractant for neutrophils
3) Increase expression of adhesins on endothelial walls
4) Stimulates neutrophils to degranulate
5) fever

56
Q

What does myeloperoxidase do?

A

Converts H2O2 to HOCl and water

57
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Small, peptide cytokines

Attract cells

58
Q

Effects of Il-4, IL-10, IL-13

A

reduce bacterial killing activity

Downregulate TNFalpha

59
Q 
Which cytokines induce neutrophil transmigration?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) TNFa
2) IL-1
3) IL-8
4) IFNg

60
Q

What do TNFa, IL-1, IL-8 and IFNg do together?

A

Induce neutrophil transmigration

61
Q

What does PAF do?

A

Vasodilation

62
Q

What do IL-8 and C5a do?

A

Chemotaxis

63
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for chemotaxix?

A

IL-8, C5a

64
Q 
Which cytokines are responsible for inducing oxidative burst?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) TNFa
2) IL-1
3) IL-8
4) PAF

65
Q

What do TNFa, IL-1, IL-8 and PAF do together?

A

Induce oxidative burst

66
Q

What does IL-6 do?

A

Induces liver to release acute phase proteins

–> Complement, transferrin

67
Q

Which cytokine induces the liver to release acute phase proteins?

A

IL-6

68
Q

What systemic effects do IL-1, IL-8 and TNFa have?

A

Chills, wasting, fever

Bacteriology (29 decks)

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