2.04: Visual Training

Question 1

T/F: Lipreading and Speechreading are the same.

Answer 1

False.

Question 2

The process of using visual signal for recognizing speech

Answer 2

Lipreading

Question 3

Speech recognition using BOTH auditory and visual cues; any available cues are used

Answer 3

Speechreading

Question 4

Besides lip movement, what are some visual cues used in speechreading?

Answer 4

Facial expressions
Gestures
Body Postures
Contextual Cues

Question 5

5 Factors that Influence Lipreading

Answer 5

Visibility 
Rapidity
Coarticualtion & Stress 
Visemes a & Homophones (sparse/dense lexical neighborhood)
Talker Effects

Question 6

What percentage of speech sounds are not visible on the mouth?

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

What percentage of words are recognized when lipreading?

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

Which features are not visible at all?

Answer 8

Voicing, /h/

Question 9

Which phonological features are most visible?

Answer 9

labials, lip rounding, interdentals, labiodentals

Question 10

Which phonological features are less visible?

Answer 10

vowels, silibants, velars, palatals

Question 11

How fast is typical speech?

Answer 11

150-250 wpm, 4-7 syllables per sec, 15 phonemes per sec

Question 12

How fast is the eye able to distinguish mouth movements?

Answer 12

9-10 discrete mouth movements per second

Question 13

Sounds may look different depending on ________________ and _______________ contexts.

Answer 13

phonetic; linguistic

coarticulation & stress

Question 14

Group of speech sounds that look identical on the lips (and give examples)

Answer 14

Visemes (/b/, /m/, /p/)

Question 15

Group of words that look the same on the mouth

Answer 15

Homophenes

Question 16

What percentage of English words are homophenes?

Answer 16

40%-60%

Question 17

Speaking characteristics that vary from one person to the next

Answer 17

Talker Effects

Question 18

What are some talker effects?

Answer 18

Regional Accents
Mouth/Lip Movement
Expressiveness

Question 19

With speechreading, the auditory component provides what information?

Answer 19

voicing
envelope
manner

Question 20

With speechreading, the visual component provides what information?

Answer 20

place of articulation
emotions
message type

Question 21

Which phonemes are typically most difficult to hear and why?

Answer 21

Consonants (high frequency & low intensity)

Voiceless phonemes

Question 22

This occurs when information from the auditory and the visual signal combine to form a unified percept

Answer 22

Audio-Visual Integration

Question 23

What are the stages of Audio-Visual Integration?

Answer 23

Perceive auditory/visual signal
Integrate two signals
Discrete phonetic/lexical decisions

Question 24

Words that “compete” as a match in speechreading

Answer 24

Members of a Lexical Neighborhood

Question 25

What are the two types of Lexical Neighborhoods?

Answer 25

Sparse or Dense

Question 26

This type of lexical neighborhood contains many words with similar characteristics and frequency of occurrence

Answer 26

Dense

Question 27

This type of lexical neighborhood contains few similar words

Answer 27

Sparse

Question 28

Which type of lexical neighborhood makes words more difficult to recognize?

Answer 28

Dense

Question 29

What are 4 goals of speechreading?

Answer 29

Differentiation of speech sounds that cannot be distinguished auditorily Capitalize on "better" sense Provide additional cues for faster decoding Increase predictive capabilities

Question 30

What 4 factors influence speechreading ability?

Answer 30

Speechreader (is person visually aware?) Environment (light or dark?) Talker (expressive, etc.) Message (is it delivered clearly?)

Question 31

A key to effective speechreading or lipreading is not trying to _______________________.

Answer 31

lipread every word.

Question 32

What is the purpose of speechreading assessment?

Answer 32

Determine if training is needed | Evaluate effectiveness of training

Question 33

What does the analytic approach to speechreading focus on?

Answer 33

Perceiving the individual parts of a word (sounds and syllables) before perceiving the entire word.

Question 34

What does the synthetic approach to speechreading emphasize?

Answer 34

Perception of the whole regardless of the parts perceived.

Question 35

What does the mimetic/kinesthetic approach to speechreading include?

Answer 35

Imitation of target syllables and words to help the student understand how they are made.

Question 36

What type of objective should you begin speechreading training with?

Answer 36

Begin with simple discrimination between dissimilar pairs.

Question 37

The more one's hearing declines, the greater the reliance on _________________ becomes.

Answer 37

speechreading

Question 38

T/F: Speechreading can be taught.

Answer 38

This is controversial. Some studies show benefit, but little research has been done.

Question 39

Can Self-Advocacy be taught?

Answer 39

Yes.

Question 40

How can a HI individual maximize his success with speechreading through self-advocacy?

Answer 40

``` Help speaker know how to talk to you Ensure good lighting and angle Minimize background noise Know topic of conversation Attend to context cues Keep a positive attitude ```