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APE Unit 7 > 7.4 > Flashcards

7.4 Flashcards

1
Q

The Last years of the War

A
  • after the treaty of brest-litovsk, russia was out of the war
  • this pushed germany to make a gamble and go to the west and break the stalemate (second battle of the marne)
  • this battle resulted in america and french troops defeating them and allies moving towards germany
  • this battle also resulted in germany (after losing a lot of troops) knowing that they were defeated
  • germany then sued for peace, but the allies wouldn’t make pace with a autocratic imperial government, so they made reforms for a liberal government
  • however! councils of workers and soldiers already took control of administrations (mutiny!)
  • william abdicated the throne and socialists created republic
  • there was then a truce and peace
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2
Q

Casualties of war

A
  • many died and were wounded during the war and after
  • birthrate declined because many men died
  • there was a lost generation
  • there was also many civilians who died (armenian genocide)
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3
Q

lost generation

A

-created war veterans who used violence

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4
Q

armenian genocide

A

-because turks thought there was going to be a armenian revolution and they were plotting with russian, the turks killed them and exported them

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5
Q

First Revolutionary upheavals in Germany

A
  • there were many mutinies and mass demonstrations
  • social democrats were the only organized party within all the chaos
  • social democrats separated into two groups
  • one wanted a parliamentary democracy, gradual approach to social democracy and elimination of capitalist system
  • another didn’t like how the other groups wanted war so they were called the independent social democratic party
  • RADICAL members of this group started a revolution because they wanted a revolution carried out by soldiers and workers
  • these radicals failed however
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6
Q

Second Revolution upheaval in germany

A
  • truce was created and most people were happy
  • RADICALS tried to achieve control of the government again
  • the moderate socialists then defeated them by using the free corps
  • moderate socialists won because they used a traditional army (example of conservative forces (traditionally army) and moderate socialists uniting!)
  • the republican government prevailed
  • as a result of this second revolution, people started to have a deep fear of communism
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7
Q

Independent Social Democratic Party

A
  • because this second group of social democrats didn’t like how the other group wanted war, they created this party
  • the RADICAL members of this group started 2 revolutions and were unsuccessful in both of them
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8
Q

karl Liebknecht

A
  • leader of radical members of independent social democratic party
  • started 2 revolutions
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9
Q

Rosa Luxemburg

A
  • leader of radical members of independent social democratic party
  • started 2 revolutions
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10
Q

Free Corps

A
  • moderate socialists used this army to defeat radical independent social democratic party members in the 2nd revolution in germany
  • it wa s regular army and groups of anti-revolutionary volunteers
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11
Q

Austria-Hungary Upheavals

A
  • 1914: they attacked serbia because they were scared that nationalist forces are destroying the empire
  • 1918: ethnic minorities wanted national independence and were encouraged by allies
  • at the end of the war: independent republics were created (austria, hungary, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia)
  • after that, they rivalries, ethnic pride and national statehood caused chaos and weakened eastern europe instead of fighting each other within
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12
Q

Leading up to the Wilson’s 14 points

A
  • 1917: russia found treaties that said that WWI happened because of territorial gains
  • in early 1918, woodrow wilson wanted to gain the aim of war from territorial gains to higher ground
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13
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

A
  • justified WWI as a fight for moral causes
  • in order to achieve peace…
  • have open accounts of peace instead of secret diplomacy
  • reduce army for defense
  • self determination of well-defined national aspirations
  • in order to eliminate absolutism and militarism, wilson thought democratic government and general association of nations would give independence
  • he wanted democracy and internal cooperation
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14
Q

14 points according to crash course

A
  • open diplomacy
  • freedom of seas
  • reduction of national armaments
  • return of alsace-lorraine to france
  • free and independent poland
  • national self- demitneraiton for oppressed minorities
  • creation of general association of nations to preserve the peace and security of its members
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15
Q

France’s aims during paris conference

A
  • they wanted to punish germany by demilitarization, having it pay reparations, and have rhineland as a buffer state
  • they were also scared of a bolshevik revolution spreading to france
  • so they strengthened eastern states (poland, czechoslovakia, roma) while not paying attention germany and russia
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16
Q

The others countries at the Peace Conference

A
  • there was conflict between wilson’s goals and secret treaties
  • wilson was idealistic, but others were realistic/ keeping with secret treaties
17
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A
  • big four powers were thre (italy, france, USA, britain)
  • italy didn’t do anything
  • german and russian weren’t invited/couldn’t come
18
Q

Decisions of Paris Peace Conference

A
  • wilson wanted a league of nations to prevent war
  • clemenceau and lloyd wanted to punish germany
  • they eventually adopted the prince of league of nations, but they all had to compromise
19
Q

League of Nations

A

-principle wanted by wilson and adopt by paris peace conference

20
Q

Big Four

A
  • france: clemenceau
  • USA: Wilson
  • britain Lloyd George
21
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • signed in 1919
  • there were five separate treaties
  • germany disagreed with Article 231: War Guilt Clause
  • germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy, and eliminate tis air force
  • germany to give use alsace and lorraine, parts of prussia, and land west and as far as 30 miles east of the rhine
  • germany’s territories in africa and the pacific were given as mandates to britain, france, and japan
22
Q

Who was defeated in WWI

A

-germany, austria, hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire

23
Q

Article 231: War Guilt Clause

A
  • it made germany and austria responsible for starting the war
  • ordered germany to pay reparations
  • this was a wartime promise that allies made to their people
24
Q

The Other Peace Treaties of Treaty of Versailles

A
  • germany and russia lost land in eastern europe
  • austro-hungarian empire disapparated
  • habsburg monarchy eliminated
  • new states were: finland, latvia, estonia, lithuania, poland, czechoslovakia, austria, hungary
  • balkans were rearranged
  • romania got lands from russia, hungary, and bulgaria
  • serbia formed yugoslavia
  • the east bank of the rhine river was to be demilitarized
  • allies had the right to occupy the rhineland for 15 years
25
Q

Effect of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • when the lines of countries were drawn, almost every european state was left with minorities problems
  • people were unhappy because they felt the peace makers were shortsighted
  • some through it was best they could and the league of nations could resolve future conflicts peacefully
  • some people thought WWII came about because of lack of enforcement instead of structure of settlement
26
Q

Treaty of Versailles and USA

A
  • they didn’t join the league of nations because they didn’t ratify the treaty of versailles
  • they also rejected the defensive alliance with great britain and france so they won’t fight anymore wars
  • this led to britain stepping out of the alliance and france is left alone
  • this made france face germany alone with no defense alliance, angry, and takes matters in their own hands
27
Q

Ottomans and Arabs during WWI

A
  • in order to defeat the ottomans, allies promised to reward arabs independence
  • however! their imperialistic desires caused allies to make countries mandates
28
Q

Mandates

A
  • it is where a nation officially administered a territory on behalf of the league of nations
  • it showed how self-determination was only for europeans

APE Unit 7 (6 decks)

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