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BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY > 2050H Midterm > Flashcards

2050H Midterm Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Autosome

A

Paired chromosomes that have the same length/shape

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2
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with different length and shape

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3
Q

Name the different parts of Mitosis

A

INTERPHASE
G1 - Cell grows
S - DNA duplication
G2 - Cell prepared for Mitosis

M PHASE
Mitosis - Actual cell division
Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm splits

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4
Q

Name the sections of Chromatids and the different chromosome types

A

Telomere, centromere and then Metacentric, Submetacentric, Acrocentric, and Telocentric

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Chromones condense and mitotic spindle forms

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6
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates and spindle fibers attach to chromatids

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

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9
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and nuclear membrane reforms

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10
Q

Name the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Produces Gametes (4 daughter cells) and during metaphase II the chromosomes line up on equitorial plate.

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11
Q

Crossing over

A

The physical exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids that occurs in LATE PROPHASE 1

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12
Q

Independent assortment

A

Random Distribution of Paternal and Maternal chromosomes that occurs in METAPHASE II

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13
Q

What is G bonding

A

Karyotype preparation that shows A-T base pairs

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14
Q

What is R bonding

A

Karyotype preparation that shows C-G base pairs

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15
Q

What is Q bonding

A

Shows C-G vs A-T base pairs

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16
Q

What is C bonding

A

Shows the position of centromeres on chromosomes

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17
Q

What are duplications

A

When part of the chromosome is doubled

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18
Q

Tandem Duplication

A

Duplication is next to the original segment

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19
Q

Displaced duplication

A

Duplication is some distance from original segment

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20
Q

Reverse Duplication

A

The duplication is next to original segment and is reversed (EFFE)

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21
Q

Why do duplications affect phenotypes?

A

They have additional copies of normal sequences and therefore can cause dosage problems where more proteins are created which can cause abnormal development

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22
Q

What are deletions`

A

The loss of a chromosome segments

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23
Q

What phenotypic effects do deletions cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hetero. deletions cause DOSAGE PROBLEMS
Homo. deletions are LETHAL as may lose essential gene
Can cause PSEUDODOMINANCE
Can affect HAPLOINSUFFICIENT GENES (2 copies of a gene required for phenotype)

24
Q

What are inversions?

Study These Flashcards
A

When DNA breaks, is reversed, and re-inserted into the OG Chromosome

25
PARAcentric Inversion
Inversion not at centromere
26
PERIcentric inversion
Inversion at centromere
27
What's the position effect
when genes are expressed at the wrong time or wrong order
28
What are translocations
the movement of genetic material between NON homo. chromosomes or between the same chromosomes
29
Non reciprocal translocation
no exchange between 2 chromosomes
30
Reciprocal translocation
Exchange between chromosomes (can cause position effect)
31
Robertsonian Translocation
When the short ends of 2 acrocentric chromosomes swap and create a fragment and a metacentric chromosome
32
What is evolution?
The change of allele frequencies over time
33
What is in a non evolving population?
1. Very large pop. size 2. No migration 3. No mutation 4. Random mating 5. no natural selection Allele and genotypic frequencies are constant
34
Inbreeding
Mating between related INDV. that affects proportions of hetero. and homo. INDV but doesn't affect allele frequencies
35
What is assortive mating
mating between INDV. with the same phenotypes
36
What are the sections of the theory of evolution
DARWIN 1. Overproduction - Every species produce more offspring thatn can survive to maturity 2. Variation - INDV. of a pop. have diff. characteristics 3. Selection - Some INDV. survive longer and reproduce more than others 4. Adaptations - The traits of those that survive will continue to become more common in pop.
37
Why is variation IMP.
The environment changes and so more variation within a pop. the more likely it will survive
38
What is fitness
The relative reproductive success of a genotype
39
What is DIRECTIONAL NS
Phenotypes at either end of spectrum are selected and an extreme trait is selected and therefore shifting pop. towards homozygosity
40
STABILIZING
NS favors an intermediate phenotype
41
DISRUPTIVE
NS favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate
42
What is sexual selection
selection through preference through preference by 1 sex for certain characteristics of the other sex Sexual dimorphism Demonstrates fitness INCREASES reproductive success
43
What are subspecies
species that are genetically and/or phenotypically distinct AND are able to interbreed
44
Pre-zygotic barriers
Gametes from diff. species are prevented from fusing - Incompatible gametes - DIFF. habitats therefore INDV cant meet - Mechanical barriers where they have different reproductive organs
45
Post zygotic barriers
Gametes can fuse but cannot reproduce - Creates HYBRIDS that are sterile
46
Allopatric Speciation
POP. is split by geographic barriers - geographic barrier creates genetic differences between 2 groups and creates Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
47
Sympatric Speciation
No geographic Barrier - Niche exploitation may cause divergence
48
Biological species concept
ERNST MAYR Group of organisms that can interbreed and exchange genes - They are reproductively isolated from other species
49
Recognition Species concept
species is a set of organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates but dont necessarily need to be able to mate
50
Phenetic Species concept
A species is a set of organisms that are phenotypically similar and that look different from other sets of organisms
51
Genotype cluster species concept
a species is represented by a genetically differentiated group that may experience some gene flow b/w pop.
52
Phylogenetic Species concept
species are the smallest monophyletic groups and share exclusive common ancestors
53
what constitues mtDNA
13 genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation 22 TRNA 2 Ribosomal RNA
54
what are some advantages to mtDNA
Inherited without recombination high mutation rate can gain good analysis from bad or good samples
55
what are some disadvantages to mtDNA
Information available from female history
56
what are nonsynonymous changes
MISSENSE or NONSENSE mutations in DNA that change the amino acid
57
What are synonymous changes
SILENT mutations in DNA that DONT change the amino acid

BIOLOGY 1020H ECOLOGY (3 decks)

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