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Phil 202 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three points to which our hopes for the future of the human race can be reduced?

A

Destruction of inequality
Progress of equality
Real improvement of man

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2
Q

Has nature fixed any limits to our hopes for the future?

A

No limits

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3
Q

What are the three kinds of inequality that must be diminished?

A

Wealth
Condition
Eduction/Instruction

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4
Q

Sensations cannot exist otherwise than how?

A

In a mind perceiving them

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5
Q

There is not any other substance than what?

A

Not any other substance than spirit

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6
Q

An idea can be like nothing but what?

A

Nothing but an idea

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7
Q

Why can there be no idea of a soul or spirit?

A

No, undivided active being

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8
Q

Do ideas perceived by the sense have a dependence on the perceiver’s will?

A

Not a dependence on will

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9
Q

Real things are the ideas imprinted on the sense by whom?

A

By God

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10
Q

What are the two classes of perceptions of the mind?

A

Impressions and Ideas

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11
Q

What are the principles of connection among ideas?

A

Resemblance, Contiguity, Cause or Effect

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12
Q

What are the two kinds of objects of human reason?

A

Relations of Ideas - Science, Denial = Contradiction, Priori

Matters of Fact - Denial != contradiction

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13
Q

What is the foundation of reasoning concerning matters of fact?

A

The relation of cause and effect

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14
Q

How do we arrive at a knowledge of cause and effect?

A

From experience

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15
Q

What principle determines one to form conclusions based on experience?

A

Custom or Habit

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16
Q

What is the chief obstacle to improvement in the moral or metaphysical sciences?

A

The obscurity of the ideas, and ambiguity of the terms

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17
Q

Does the idea of necessary connection arise from experience of the world? From reflection on the operation of the mind? From consciousness of a power to create a new idea?

A

No Impressions, link ideas together, cause and effect

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18
Q

What is the definition of a cause?

A

An object followed by another, appearance always conveys the thought to that other

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19
Q

What is a miracle, according to Hume? What is the consequence of his account?

A

A violation of the laws of nature

The falsehood would be more miraculous

20
Q

What are the two philosophical objections to the evidence of the senses?

A

An opinion

In the mind

21
Q

What are the only objects of abstract science? What do all other inquiries regard?

A

Quantity and number

Matter of fact and existence

22
Q

What does Hume affirm of the rest of mankind?

A

A bundle or collection of different perceptions

23
Q

The identity, which we ascribe to the mind of man is only what?

A

Only a fictitious one

24
Q

What is the relation between reason and the passions?

A

Regulate his actions by reason, else oppose it

25
Q

From what are moral distinctions derived?

A

impression or sentiment

26
Q

What are analytical judgments?

A

subject-predicate form of grammar, not a necessary part

27
Q

What is the proper problem upon which all depends?

A

How are synthetical propositions a priori possible

28
Q

What are the intuitions which pure mathematics lays at the foundation of all its cognitions?

A

Space and time

29
Q

What is requisite before a judgment of perception can become a judgment of experience?

A

Perception should be subsumed under some such a concept of understanding

30
Q

All synthetical principles a prior are nothing more than what?

A

Possible experience, objects of experience

31
Q

What are ideas?

A

Pure concept of reason

32
Q

What is the psychological idea?

A

The ultimate subject of all experience, The soul

33
Q

What is the theological idea?

A

The ground of all being, God

34
Q

What is the only thing that can be called good without qualification?

A

A good will

35
Q

What is duty?

A

The necessity to act out of reverence for the law

36
Q

What are the two ways imperatives command?

A

Hypothetical - A then B

Categorical - Do A moral law

37
Q

What does the categorical imperative state (first formulation)?

A

Act in such a way maxim should become a universal law

38
Q

What is autonomy of the will?

A

The will of every rational being is the will which makes universal law

39
Q

How should a rational being treat itself and all others?

A

As a means and as an end

40
Q

What must be presupposed as a property of the will of all rational beings?

A

Freedom

41
Q

What are the two standpoints?

A

Sensible World - external causal laws

Intellectual World - free from external laws

42
Q

Is there an explanation of freedom?

A

No there isn’t

43
Q

What is the life of man like in the state of nature? (Hobbes)

A

Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. War

44
Q

What is the only way to erect a common power?

A

Form a social contract

45
Q

What does reason teach all men in the state of nature?

A

Has a law of Nature to govern it, all equal and independent

46
Q

What is the basis of all legitimate authority among men?

A

Conventions, voluntary agreement

47
Q

What does it mean to renounce liberty?

A

To renounce being a man, essential to humanity

Phil 202 (4 decks)

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