Enzymes

Question 1

PDH (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)

Answer 1

Converts Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, NADH and CO2

Question 2

PC (Pyruvate Carboxylase)

Answer 2

Converts Pyruvate to Carboxylase when needed

Question 3

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Answer 3

Turns glucose6-phosphate in to glucose. Part of gluconeogenesis

Question 4

PEPCK (Phospoenolpyruvate Carboxylkinase)

Answer 4

Responsible for turning OAA into Phosphoenolpyruvate. Part of gluconeogenesis and is turned up when glucose is low. i.e. glucagon is up or insulin is down.

Question 5

Phospolipase

Answer 5

Membrane bound receptor (analogous to adenylate cyclase) that produces DAG and PIP,IP - all secondary messengers in the cell.

Question 6

Adenylate Cyclase

Answer 6

Produces cAMP in response to ligand messenger, GDP–>GTP on G-protein stimulatory subunit.

Question 7

PKA

Answer 7

Activated by cAMP - Phosphorylates cellular proteins to activate them. Adds Pi to Ser, Tyr

Question 8

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase

Answer 8

“erodes” cAMP to 5’AMP and turns off PKA slowing cellular activity that is activated by phosphorylation.

Question 9

Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 9

Phosphorylates IRS1 and starts kinase cascade the activates many intracellular activities.

Question 10

LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase

Answer 10

Converts lactate to pyruvate during anaerobic respiration in muscle and converts lactate back to pyruvate in the cori cycle of the liver.

Question 11

Pyruvate Kinase

Answer 11

Converts Phosphenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the process of glycolysis. Turned up and down via insulin / glucagon and ATP/ADP

Question 12

Triacylglycerol lipase

Answer 12

catalyzes the creation of FA’s from triacylglycerols. In fat cell

Question 13

Acyl-CoA Synthase

Answer 13

(Takes 2 ATP) Activation of a FA in the cytoplasm of a target cell by creating Fatty-Acyl-CoA

Question 14

Glycerol Kinase

Answer 14

Present only in liver - takes glycerol from FA processing and makes DHAP an intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 15

CAT1

Answer 15

Takes Fatty-Acyl-CoA tears off CoA Adds Carnatine and gets FA from cytosol to mitochondria

Question 16

CAT2

Answer 16

Takes Fatty-Acyl-Carnatine removes the carnatine adds a CoA and ships the carnatine back out to cytosol.

Question 17

Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase

Answer 17

1st enzyme in the process of FA oxidation. Results in an FADH2. What happens if there is a major defect in this enzyme with long-chain FA degradation? Feed the bitches milk!

Question 18

Citrate Lyase

Answer 18

Takes Citrate that has been shipped from the mitochondria of the liver and breaks it apart into OAA and Acetyl-CoA. The OAA goes back to pyruvate the Acetyl-CoA goes into Malonyl-CoA and FA synth.

Question 19

Fatty Acid Synthase

Answer 19

Takes Acetyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH and makes 16:0ACP on this crazy big ass 7 active site enzyme.

Question 20

HMG-CoA Reductase

Answer 20

Responsible for the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. This is formed from Acetyl-CoA in the production of cholesterol.

Question 21

ACAT

Answer 21

Makes cholesterol esters in the cell from excess cholesterol and Fatty-Acyl-CoA

Question 22

LCAT

Answer 22

Found in HDL and make cholesterol esters from excess cholesterol and phoshatidylcholine. HDL will shuttle these esters around the body and trade them with LDL.

Question 23

LPL - Lipoprotein Lipase

Answer 23

Present in the lumen of capillaries docks ApoC and breaks down TAGS for absorption into extrahepatic tissue for oxidation and energy or storage.

Question 24

Na+ / K+ ATPase

Answer 24

Transporter on the cell surface the pumps 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. This is powered by ATP created in ox phos / ETC.

Question 25

HMG-CoA Synthase

Answer 25

Makes HMG-CoA from Acetyl-CoA groups and this is used for cholesterol synth in cytosplasm or ketone body synth in mitchondria.