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anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What are the branches of the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the branches of the PNS?

A

Autonomic and somatic

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

vertebrae

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6
Q

What does the spinal cord sit within?

A

Verterbral Canal

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7
Q

What is the vertebral canal formed by?

A

Stacking of individual tunnels in each vertebra

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8
Q

Where is the end of the spinal cord level with in children?

A

L3

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9
Q

Where is the end of the spinal cord level with in adults?

A

L1

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10
Q

What is the vertical tunnel running through the vertebra known as?

A

Vertical foramen

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11
Q

What does the outer section of the spinal cord consist of?

A

White matter

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12
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

The axons of neurons that form ascending and descending pathways

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13
Q

What is the inner section of the spinal cord made of?

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Where cell bodies of neurons are located and where synapses occur

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15
Q

Where do neurons from the body enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

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16
Q

Where do neurons exit the spinal cord from?

A

ventral horn

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17
Q

What are the three tracts of the somatic nervous system?

A

lateral corticospinal tract, dorsal columns and anterolateral fascicutus

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18
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

Carries descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

What are the dorsal columns for?

A

Sense of fine touch and proprioception

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20
Q

What does the anterolateral fasciutus do?

A

Carries pain and temperature sensory neurons

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21
Q

Where do autonomic nerves run?

A

Not within spinal cord - in collection of ganglia along side it

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22
Q

What type of control is the autonomic nervous system?

A

subconsious

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23
Q

What does the autonomic system generally innervate?

A

Smooth muscle of tissues or glands

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24
Q

What actions is the autonomic system involved with?

A

Temperature control, continence, secretions and gastic motility

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25
Q

Where do autonomic neurons arise?

A

from the spinal cord and directly from the brain

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26
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system initiate?

A

The fight or flight response

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27
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies present?

A

In the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments

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28
Q

What do sympathetic cell bodies connect to?

A

A paravertebral ganglion chain or individual ganglia

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29
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate?

A

Heart, blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and adrenal medulla

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30
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurons arise from?

A

Cranial nerves or lumbosacral spinal cord

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31
Q

What does the parasympathetic system stimulate?

A

Rest and digest functions

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32
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to target organ

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33
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Conscious control of the body

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34
Q

What do afferent somatic sensory nerves detect?

A

Pain, temperature, touch and proprioception

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35
Q

What do somatic efferent nerves motor to?

A

effector skeletal muscles

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36
Q

Where do somatic neurons project to?

A

Directly to their target cell via a single neuron

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37
Q

What are the two types of somatic nerves?

A

Spinal and cranial

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38
Q

What do spinal nerves carry?

A

peripheral nerves that carry axons of neurons of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems to and from spinal cord

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39
Q

Where does a spinal nerve exit the spinal cord?

A

Inferior to each vertebra level

40
Q

What is the expception to the spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord inferior to each verterbrea level?

A

In the cervial region they exit superiorly so there is a spinal root both above and below to C7

41
Q

How many spinal roots are there in total?

A

31

42
Q

Where is there an additional spinal root?

A

At the coccyx

43
Q

Dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) roots unit to form a what?

A

Mixed segmental spinal nerve

44
Q

What may a mixed segmental spinal nerve continue to form?

A

A nerve plexus or a single peripheral nerve

45
Q

What is a lumbar plexus?

A

Made up of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord below vertebrea T12-L5

46
Q

Where does the femoral nerve arise from?

A

Spinal roots L2,L3 and L4

47
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Muscles and skin of the leg

48
Q

What are dermatomes and myotomes representative of?

A

The distribution of somatic nerves

49
Q

What is a distinct area of skin supplied by a spinal root known as?

A

dermatome

50
Q

what is a distinct area of muscle supplies by a spinal root known as?

A

Myotome

51
Q

What are the roles of the sciatic nerve with respect to muscles?

A

Motor to muscles of posterior thigh (the hamstrings that flex the knee)

52
Q

Where does pain from sciatica radiate from?

A

The buttock down the leg

53
Q

What are the roles of the sciatic nerve with respect to skin?

A

Sensory afferent from the skin over the lateral side of the leg (below the knee) and skin on sole and dorsum of foot

54
Q

What are the roles of the femoral nerve with respect to muscles?

A

Motor to muscles of anterior thigh (the quads that extend the knee)

55
Q

What are the roles of the femoral nerve with respect to skin?

A

Sensory afferent from anterior thigh and medial leg

56
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

57
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Sight, Taste, Hearing, Smell, Balance

58
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Logic and numbers and language. Processes sensory and motor pathways for the right side of the body

59
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control

A

Creativity, immagination and rythym and processes the sensory and motor pathways of the left side of the body

60
Q

How are the two hemispheres joined?

A

By a neutral bridge of nerve fibre known as the CORPUS CALLOSUM

61
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

62
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalmus

63
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla, pons and cerebellum

64
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain medulla and pons

65
Q

What structure run through the brains stem?

A

Reticular formation

66
Q

What is the recticular formation important for?

A

Controlling consciousness

67
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

Higher functions (eye movements and auditory system)

68
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Basic functions such as breathing and heart rate

69
Q

What does the pons control?

A

Indistinct functions in conciousness and posture

70
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

Two mounds of folded tissue posterioe to the brainstem

71
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Three peduncles of neural tissue

72
Q

What is the cerebellum concerned with?

A

motor functions and motor learning

73
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive inputs from?

A

Ascending sensory pathways from body and descending motor pathways from cerebrum and other info from brainstem

74
Q

WHat is the thalamus?

A

A relay point where all inputs to the cerebrum synapse before ascending to the cerebral cortex

75
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalmus?

A

homeostasis

76
Q

What is directly controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

Blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, body weight

77
Q

How are heart rate, vasoconstriction, digestion and sweating controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

By inputs to the medulla

78
Q

What does stimulation of the pituitary gland do?

A

Hormone release

79
Q

What does most of the volume of the cerebral hemispheres consist of?

A

White matter

80
Q

Where does grey matter exist?

A

Only on the surface of the hemispheres

81
Q

What is the cerebral cortex the location of?

A

Higher fuctions e.g. intelligence, personality, planning, touch sensation

82
Q

What are sulci?

A

Infoldings of the brain

83
Q

What are gyri?

A

Sticky out bits between sulci - areas of functional grey matter

84
Q

What is the CNS covered with?

A

The meninges

85
Q

What is the meninges?

A

A layer of tissues

86
Q

What is within the meninges?

A

cerbro spinal fluid that bathes the CNS

87
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

specialised epithelium - choroid plexus

88
Q

Where is the choroid plexus found?

A

lining cavities within the brain called ventricles

89
Q

What does the choroid plexus actively secrete?

A

Components of blood plasma in to the ventricles

90
Q

Describe CSF

A

Clear fluid lower in proteins cells and most ions than plamsa

91
Q

What does CSF have a higher concentration of than the plasma?

A

Sodium, chloride and magnesion

92
Q

How are these ions transported in the to CNS

A

Active transport

93
Q

Describe the pathway of CSF

A

Circulates through ventricles before exiting on to the surface of the brain (still within meninges) to bathe brain and spinal cord

94
Q

What are ventricles linked by?

A

aqueducts

95
Q

What is CSF reabsorbed by?

A

Venous circulation at specialised points called ARACHNIOID GRANULATIONS

anatomy (6 decks)

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