Ocular Manifestations Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy

A

Changes in retina, choroid, optic nerve

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2
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Types of Retinal Changes:
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Clinically significant macular edema

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3
Q

Presentation of HTN Retinopathy

A

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion:
Vein almost completely compressed due to atherosclerosis
…….
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion:
“blood & thunder” = hemorrhages all over
……..
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion:
Cherry red spot, sudden painless loss of vision - Frequently in DM, HTM, hyperlipidemia

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4
Q

Presentation of DM Retinopathy

A
Main causes of vision loss:
Macular edema,
Vitreous Hemorrhage,
Tractional retinal detachment,
Neovascular glaucoma
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5
Q

Tx for HTN retinopathy

A

Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation

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6
Q

Tx for DM retinopathy

A

Treat retina or will continue to worsen to detachment or neovascular glaucoma

Control blood glucose

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7
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Leading causes of visual impairment in patients > than 50 years old in developed countries

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8
Q

Presentation of Macular Degeneration

A

Symptoms:
Decreased central vision,
Central scotoma,
Metamorphopsia,

Forms
Nonexudative or Dry- 80-90% of patients
Exudative, neovascular, or wet- 10-20%

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9
Q

Tx of Macular Degeneration

A

Geographic atrophy (no Tx)

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10
Q

Amaurosis Fugax

A

loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the retina. It may be a sign of an impending stroke.

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11
Q

Etiologies of Amaurosis Fugax

A

Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of carotid artery disease. Amaurosis fugax occurs when a piece of plaque in an arteries breaks off and travels to an artery in the eye.

Risk factors include:
    Alcohol abuse
    Cocaine use
    Diabetes
    Family history of stroke
    Highblood pressure
    High cholesterol
    Increasing age
    Smoking
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12
Q

Grading of HTN retinopathy:

A

Grade 0 – no changes
Grade 1 – Barely detectable arterial narrowing
Grade 2 – Arterial narrowing with focal irregularities
Grade 3 – Grade 2 + retina hemorrhages &/or exudate
Grade 4 – Grade 3 + disc swelling

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13
Q

Leading cause of new blindness in the US:

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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14
Q

Risk Factors of DM retinopathy:

A
Duration of time with diabetes
Poor metabolic control
Pregnancy
Hypertension
Renal disease
Other
Obesity
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Anemia
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15
Q

Risk Factors of Macular Degeneration

A
Risk Factors:
Age
Heredity
Sex (Female)
Race (Caucasian)
Smoking
Nutrition
Photic Exposure
Hypertension
Light Iris Color
Hyperopia
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16
Q

Types of DM retinopathy:

A

–Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (cotton wool spots, venous beading, hemorrhaging, exudate)

–Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (→ neovascularization)