21 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the four major biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What type of bond links amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes, hormones
What is the function of enzymes?
Catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration
What is competitive inhibition?
Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules without energy, down the concentration gradient
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules against gradient using energy (ATP)
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What happens in meiosis I that creates genetic variation?
Crossing over during prophase I
What is the law of segregation?
Alleles separate during gamete formation
What is a Punnett square used for?
To predict genotype and phenotype ratios
What is incomplete dominance?
Heterozygote expresses a blend of both alleles
What is transcription?
DNA to RNA in the nucleus
What is translation?
RNA to protein at the ribosome
What is natural selection?
Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies in small populations
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A state where allele frequencies remain constant in a population
What is a trophic level?
Each step in a food chain or web
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
