21-22 Conservation genetics

Question 1

What things cause small pops major

Answer 1

Genetic stochasticity
Demographic
Allee effects

Question 2

Genetic stochasticity made up of 3

Answer 2

Loss of genetic variation
Inbreeding depression
Mutational meltdown

Question 3

Sing bottle neck much variation loss

Answer 3

No but rare alleles often lost

Question 4

Genetic diversity measures broAd

Answer 4

Number of variants of allele

Frequency of variants

Question 5

Measuring number of variants of allele

Answer 5

Proportion of polymorphic loci

Allelic richness

Question 6

Proportion of polymorphic loci equation

Answer 6

Whether polymorphic or not / total loci sampled

Question 7

Allelic richness

Answer 7

Amount of alleles at each locus added / total loci

Question 8

Frequency of variants measures 2

Answer 8

Heterozygosity observed

Heterozygosity expected

Question 9

Heterozygosity observed

Answer 9

Hetoro at loci/ total sample of individuals

Question 10

Heterozygosity expected

1 locus 2 alleles

Answer 10

1-p^2 - q^2

Question 11

Heterozygosity expected for 1 locus more than 1 allele

Answer 11

He = 1 -( sum of each of the alleles p^2)

Question 12

What is Ne

Answer 12

Effective pop size that would loss gen variation at same rate as our actual population

Question 13

Number of alleles if equally frequent

Answer 13

1/ sum of (p^2) for alleles

Question 14

What is future expected heterozygosity wrt inbreeding

Answer 14

Ht= (1- (1/2n))^t x H0

Question 15

Inbreeding depression measure

Answer 15

Delta = fitness inbred offspring/ fitness outbred

Question 16

As f increases to 1

Answer 16

Inbreeding icrease

Less survivorship

Question 17

Accumulation of deleterious alleles

Answer 17

Genetic load

Question 18

Genetic load

Answer 18

Reduction in mean fitness due to accumulation of deleterious alleles as have less favoured genotype

Question 19

Hybridisation example

Answer 19

Ethiopian wolf
Two pops 
Sanetti-wolves only 
Web- wolves and dog 
Bad effect

Question 20

IUCN endangered Ethiopian wolf pops

Answer 20

Sanetti and web

Sanetti is wolf only

Question 21

Genetic restoration example

Answer 21

Florida panther
Deleterious gaits nearly fixed pop of 20
Need with Texan cougar
Restoration success

Question 22

Deleterious alleles in small Florida lather pop

Answer 22

Kinked tail
Cowlick on back
Low semen quality

Question 23

Panther results of restoration

Answer 23

Increased heterozygosity increased fitness
Kitten survivorship
Less intraspecific aggression mortality
Higher escape

Question 24

Outbreeding depression example and why

Answer 24

Mountain ibex
Bred alpine with au strain and Turkish 
Wrong mating season 
Failed 
Pop extinct

Question 25

Dusky seaside sparrow

Answer 25

Showed need systematics to see realationship Make bias only males left Bred with closely related female la

Question 26

Systematics case study

Answer 26

Dusky seaside sparrow

Question 27

IUCN vulnerable endangered critically endangered

Answer 27

``` Prob of extinction 10 20 50 More than ```

Question 28

Probability of extinction and years

Answer 28

10 100yeara 20 20 years 50 10 years

Question 29

Pva

Answer 29

Population viability analysis Parameters known Predicts future population rates

Question 30

Probability of extinction and gens

Answer 30

10 100 years 20 20 years 5 gen 50 10 years

Question 31

What causes effective pop size to be different from census ? 3

Answer 31

``` Unequal sex ratio Sexual selection(more male variance Size variation between t generations is bottleneck ) ```

Question 32

Size variation between t gens

Answer 32

1/Ne = 1/t ( 1/N o + 1/N1 .... 1/N t-1)

Question 33

Guides of Ne

Answer 33

50 repro fitness 100 mutational meltdown 500 Evo potential

Question 34

PvA suggest what Ne

Answer 34

1000 for long term persistence and incorporation of genetic and stochastic effects

Question 35

Allee effects decrease examples

Answer 35

Defence -lapwings Foraging-African wild dogs Mate location - grizzly bears

Question 36

Unequal sec ratio

Answer 36

4(NmNf)/ Nm+Nf

Question 37

Sexual selection

Answer 37

8(Nm+Nf)/ Vm+Vf + 4

Question 38

Demographic stochasticity

Answer 38

Random fluctuation Birth death Immi emmi Sex ratio

Question 39

Extinction vortex

Answer 39

Fragmented isolated pops Inbreeding so less gen variation Reduced fitness survival and repor Smaller population