2.1 and 2.2 Structure of Cells and Organelles

Question 1

Give 4 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

Answer 1

1) pro has no nucleus whereas eu has nucleus 2) pro has no nucleolus whereas eu has nucleolus 3) Ribosomes in pro are smaller than eu
4) No spindle fiber during cell division
n in pro cells whereas spindle fiber is present during mitosis and meiosis in eu

Question 2

State 5 functions of the cell membrane

Answer 2

1) protects the cell.
- no chemical or reaction will harm the cell
2) regulates or controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
-through protein channels
3) acts as receptor sites in recognizing external stimuli such as hormones.
-enables the cell to recognize other cells
4) helps in cell mobility such as WBC

Question 3

Difference between TEM and SEM microscope

Answer 3

TEM microscopes are transmission electron microscope that enables you to see inside of a cell, SEM is scanning “””” that enables you to see the surface or outside of the cell

Question 4

Two major functions of Rough ER

Answer 4

1) Produces protein such as digestive enzymes found in the glandular cells of the stomach
2) Transports protein to smooth ER or to the Golgi Apparatus.

Question 5

Name 2 types of cell wall

Answer 5

primary and secondary cell wall

Question 6

3 functions of cell wall

Answer 6

1) Protects the cell from physical injuries and hemolysis
2) Supports the plant through cell turgidity or mechanical strength
3) provides food storage in the form of hemicellulose in some seeds.
4) controls excessive loss of water from epidermal cells of the leaves and stems by having a waxy cuticle on the surface of the cell wall.

Question 7

Cytoplasm can be divided into……………

Answer 7

cytosol and cytoskeleton

Question 8

Give 2 functions of cytosol

Answer 8

stores vital chemicals including fats and enables organelles to move about in it

Question 9

Cytoskeleton can be divided into 3 which is…….

Answer 9

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 10

State the functions of microtubules

Answer 10

1) forms the cytoskeleton that determines the shape of the cell
2) can pull chromosomes or chromatids during mitosis or meiosis

Question 11

Function of microfilament

Answer 11

cause membrane invagination and evagination during endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 12

The function of intermediate filaments

Answer 12

maintain the shape of the cell during the nucleus
help some specialised cells to carry out their functions

Question 13

The nucleus can be divided into…………………………

Answer 13

nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromosome

Question 14

state the functions of the nuclear envelope

Answer 14

1) protects the inner structure of the nucleus, especially the chromatin
2) controls the shape of the nucleus

Question 15

function of nucleoplasm

Answer 15

contains various enzymes for metabolism including that for glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and synthesis of NAD

Question 16

2 major functions of chromosomes

Answer 16

control the production of RNA and proteins in cells and controls all the activities of the cell
enables mitosis and meiosis to take place

Question 17

functions of smooothhhh criminal ER

Answer 17

DETOXIFIES drugs and toxins in our body w help of enzymes in liver cells
forms hemicellulose, pectin, and cellulose in meristem cells
forms lysosomes

Question 18

ez clap, functions of mitochondria

Answer 18

1) Carry out the Krebs cycle, part of cellular respiration
2) Carry out oxidation and complete breakdown of fatty acids into CO2 and h20 to produce ATP
3) carry out oxidation and complete breakdown of amino acids
4) carry out oxidative phosphorylation which produces ATP from ADP and phosphate

Question 19

Functions of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 19

1) Produces cell wall materials in vesicles which are directed to the cell plate where the new cell is formed after mitosis in meristem
2) process lipids to form glycolipids, package them, transport, and store them within the cell
3) forms lysosome through budding of larger vesicles

Question 20

Functions of lysosome

Answer 20

1) Digests foreign substances or cells that are endocytosed
2) can carry out autophagy
3) can carry out autolysis for rebuilding of new tissue

Question 21

Functions of ribosome

Answer 21

Provide the site for the formation of peptide bonds in which amino acids join to form polypeptide or protein

Question 22

Functions of chloroplasts

Answer 22

1) carry out photosynthesis producing organic compounds, especially carbohydrates
2) mature chloroplasts do divide
3) Carry out photophosphorylation and Calvin cycle

Question 23

Functions of centrioles

Answer 23

Organize the formation of spindle fibers
Organise formation of cilia and flagella which have a ‘9+2’ pattern

Question 24

3 types of vacuoles are………………

Answer 24

central, food, and contractile vacuole

Question 25

Functions of the types of vacuole

Answer 25

sap vacuole- stores water
food vacuole- digests food
contractile vacuole- to expel excess water, acts as a osmoregulatory mechanism