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My AS Level Chemistry - OCR A > 2.1 - Atoms Ions And Compounds > Flashcards

2.1 - Atoms Ions And Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Isotope def

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number, but with a different number of neutrons, resulting in a different mass number

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2
Q

Relative atomic mass def

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element, relative to one-twelfth of the mean mass of an atom of carbon-12

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3
Q

Relative isotopic mas

A

The isotopic mass of an isotope relative to one-twelfth of the mean mass of an atom of carbon-12

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4
Q

Relative molecular mass def

A

The weighted mean mass of a molecule of a compound, relative to one-twelfth of the mean mass of an atom of carbon-12

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5
Q

Ions to remember

A 
NO3^-
SO4^2-
CO3^2-
OH^-
NH4^+
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6
Q

How many particles in one mole(Avogadro’s constant)

A

6.02x10^23 particles in one mole

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7
Q

Useful moles equations

A

-Moles=mass/Mr

-Moles=concentration x volume/1000
(Only when converting dm^3 to cm^3)

Moles = volume(dm^3)/24

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8
Q

Empirical formula def

A

The simplest whole number ration of atoms of each element present in a compound

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9
Q

Molecular formula def

A

The number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule

The true number of each atom on the molecule

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10
Q

What is an anhydrous substance?

A

Substance that contains NO water of crystallisation

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11
Q

What is a hydrated substance?

A

Substance that contains water of crystallisation

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12
Q

What is a standard solution?

A

A solution of known concentration

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13
Q

What is the limiting reactant in a reaction?

A

The reactant that is not in excess

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14
Q

Ideal gas equation

A 
pV = nRT
Where:
p = pressure in Pa
V = volume in m3
T = temperature in K
n = moles, mol
m = mass, in grams
R = ideal gas constant - 8.31

-Only under standard conditions
-Temp: 298K/25C
Pressure: 100kPa/101kPA

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15
Q

What is the value for the ideal gas equation?

A

8.31

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16
Q

How to work out percentage yield

A

Experimental mass/theoretical mass x 100

17
Q

How to work out atom economy

A

Mr of desired product/Mr of reactants x100

18
Q

Why is a higher atom economy more desirable to manufacturers?

A
  • The higher the atom economy, the less waste product there is
  • So process is more economically viable for industrial scale manufacture
  • Helps to preserve raw materials as well
19
Q

Def of an acid

A

Substance that releases H+ ions in aqueous solution

20
Q

Def of an alkali

A

Substance that releases OH- in aqueous solution

21
Q

Def of a base

A

Substance that accepts H+ ions from an acid in aqueous solution

22
Q

Common acids to know:

A

-HCl - Hydrochloric Acid
-H2SO4 - Sulfuric Acid
-HNO3 - Nitric Acid
-H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid
CH3COOH - Ethanoic acid

23
Q

Common bases to know:

A
  • NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide
  • KOH - potassium hydroxide
  • NH3 - Ammonia
24
Q

Difference between strong and a weak acid

A
  • A strong acid fully dissociates in aqueous solution

- A weak acid partially dissociates in aqueous solution

25
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

Reaction of an acid with a base that usually produces a salt

26
Q

Common reactions between acids and bases

A

CASHOCO:
Acid + Carbonate —> salt + water + CO2

MASH:
Metal + acid —> salt + hydrogen

BASHO:
Base/metal oxide + acid —> Salt + water

27
Q

Potential errors in creating a standard solution

A
  • Systematic errors on balance reading
  • lost substance transfer
  • Overfilling of volumetric flask
28
Q

How to reduce errors when creating standard solution

A
  • Read volumes from bottom of the meniscus

- Washing methods

29
Q

Oxidation number rules

A
  • Oxidation number of an element is 0
  • Oxidation numbers in a neutral compound add up to zero
  • Oxidation numbers in a charged compound add up to the total charge
  • Hydrogen has ox number of +1
  • Oxygen has ox number of -2
  • All halogens have an oxidation number of -1
  • Group 1 metals have an oxidation number of +1
  • In metal hydrides, the ox number of hydrogen is -1
  • In peroxide’s, the ox number of oxygen is -1
30
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

31
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

32
Q

Simple acronym to remember Redox reaction

A

OILRIG
Oxidation is loss(of electrons)
Reduction is gain(of electrons)

33
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A
  • A substance that accepts electrons from the species being oxidised
  • Therefore it gains electrons and the oxidising agent itself is reduced
34
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A
  • A substance that donates electrons to the species being reduced
  • Therefore it loses electrons and the reducing agent itself is oxidised
35
Q

What is a disproportionation reaction?

A
  • When a species in a reaction is both oxidised and reduced.

- when oxidation number increases and decreases in separate occasions in the reaction

My AS Level Chemistry - OCR A (14 decks)

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