2.1 Cell structure

Question 1

What is the nuclear membrane made up of?

Answer 1

Nuclear envelopes (double membrane) and nuclear pores

Question 2

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 2

To produce ATP via aerobic respiration

Question 3

What is the cytoplasm in mitochondria called?

Answer 3

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 4

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 4

To hold and process proteins that have been made by ribosomes

Question 5

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

To synthesise and process lipids

Question 6

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered in ribosomes

Question 7

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 7

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins, and makes lysosomes

Question 8

What is a Golgi vesicle?

Answer 8

A small, fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

Question 9

What is the function of the Golgi vesicle?

Answer 9

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 10

What is a lysosome?

Answer 10

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane and is a type of Golgi vesicle

Question 11

How big are prokaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 11

70S

Question 12

How big are eukaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 12

80S

Question 13

What is a chloroplast envelope?

Answer 13

Double plasma membrane that is highly selective about what enters and leaves the chloroplast

Question 14

What is the stroma?

Answer 14

Fluid filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis happens. It contains all the enzymes needed for photosynthesis as well as ribosomes, starch grains etc

Question 15

What are grana?

Answer 15

Stacks of disc like structures called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll

Question 16

What connects grana together?

Answer 16

Lamella

Question 17

What is the cell wall of plant and algal cells made of?

Answer 17

Cellulose

Question 18

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Answer 18

Chitin

Question 19

What is the membrane of a vacuole called?

Answer 19

Tonoplast

Question 20

What does the vacuole contain?

Answer 20

Cell sap

Question 21

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 21

To synthesise ribosomal RNA to make ribosomes

Question 22

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 22

A single-called organism whose DNA is freely suspended in the cytoplasm

Question 23

What is the function of the slime capsule?

Answer 23

Mucilaginous layer important for protection and needed for adhesion of bacteria

Question 24

What is a mesosome?

Answer 24

The site of attachment for respiratory enzymes

Question 25

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

Answer 25

Murein

Question 26

What is the function of pili?

Answer 26

To attach cells together and exchange plasmids

Question 27

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

Answer 27

Binary fission

Question 28

What is the main biological molecule in prokaryotic cell membranes?

Answer 28

Phospholipids

Question 29

What are the two components left after ultra-centrifugation?

Answer 29

The supernatant and pellet

Question 30

Which type of organelle contains a cristae and matrix?

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

What membrane protein has a carbohydrate attached?

Answer 31

Glycoprotein

Question 32

What is a phospholipid made up of?

Answer 32

Two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate

Question 33

Where is ribosomal RNA made?

Answer 33

The nucleolus

Question 34

What is magnification?

Answer 34

How much bigger the image is than the specimen

Question 35

What is resolution?

Answer 35

The minimum distance apart that two objects have to be in order for them to appear as separate objects

Question 36

How does a light microscope work?

Answer 36

Glass lenses focus light and form and image

Question 37

Why do light microscopes have a low resolution?

Answer 37

Light has a long wavelength

Question 38

Do light microscopes have high or low magnification?

Answer 38

Low

Question 39

Name three positives of using a light microscope

Answer 39

- living cells can be viewed - Images can have colour - Easy preparation technique

Question 40

how do transmission electron microscopes work?

Answer 40

beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen

Question 41

Name three positives of using a TEM microscope

Answer 41

- High resolution - High magnification - Internal organelles and their structures can be seen

Question 42

What specimens can be viewed using TEM microscopes?

Answer 42

Thin and non-living specimens

Question 43

What images are produced by TEM microscopes?

Answer 43

2D and monochrome images

Question 44

How do scanning electron microscopes work?

Answer 44

A beam of electrons is scanned across the specimen, knocking electrons off and gathering them in a cathode ray tube to form a 3D image of the specimen's surface

Question 45

Name three negatives of using an SEM microscope

Answer 45

- Can't be used on living specimens - Images have lower resolution than TEM images - Complex preparation

Question 46

Name three positives of using an SEM microscope

Answer 46

- High resolution - High magnification - Colour can be added

Question 47

What is an artefact?

Answer 47

Things shown by a microscope hat are not part of the specimen