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Biology > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an optical microscope

A

200 nm

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2
Q

What is the maximum useful magnification of an optical microscope

A

x1500

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3
Q

What is the resolution of an electron microscope

A

0.2 nm

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4
Q

What is the maximum useful magnification in an electron microscope

A

x1,500,000

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5
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope

A
  • can see internal structures of a cell
  • higher resolution than SEM’s
  • can only be used for thin specimens
  • cannot observe live specimens
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6
Q

Describe a scanning electron microscope

A
  • produce a 3D image
  • can be used on thick specimens
  • lower resolution
  • cannot observe live specimens
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7
Q

Describe a laser scanning confocal microscope

A
  • must be stained with fluorscent dye
  • high resolution (3D image)
  • can cause photodamage to the cells
  • slow process
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8
Q

Equation for magnifcation

A

magnification = image / actual

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9
Q

What things must you do when doing a biological drawing

A
  1. magnification
  2. no shading
  3. title
  4. label lines (no arrow heads)
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10
Q

Structure of nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope has many pores to allow mRNA
  • double membrane bound
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11
Q

What type of DNA does an eukaroytic cell have

A

linear DNA

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12
Q

What type of DNA does a prokaroytic cell have

A

circular DNA

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13
Q

Structure to function of the mitochondria

A
  • inner membrane folded called cisternae to increased SA:V for increased aerobic respiration
  • creates its own DNA which is needed for replication
  • inner fluid called the matrix which contains enzymes need to produce ATP
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14
Q

Structure to function of the chloroplast

A
  • thylakoids are the individual stack and the granum is the stack as a whole
  • lamella join the granum together
  • produces own DNA for replication
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15
Q

Structure to function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface covered in ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • continuous to the nuclear envelope so easy transport of mRNA
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16
Q
A
17
Q

Structure to function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • no ribosomes on the surface due to its function of storing lipids, carbohydrates and steroids
18
Q

Structure to function of the golgi apparatus

A
  • flattened sacs of membranes that modify and packages proteins
  • produces secretory vesicles for transport of proteins
19
Q

Structure to function of the lysosomes

A
  • membrane bound due to it contain hydrolytic enzymes
20
Q

Function of the centrioles

A
  • organises the spindle fibres during cell division
21
Q

Function of the microvilli

A
  • increase the surface area of the cell for faster rate of exchange of substances
22
Q

Function of the cilia/flagella

A

movement

23
Q

Process of protein production

A
  • DNA from the nucleus is copied into mRNA via transcription
  • the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus via the nuclear envelope and attaches to a ribosome on the RER
  • the ribosome reads the genetic information by translation to synthesise a protein
  • this passes through the lumen of the RER to be processed and folded these processed proteins are transported to the golgi body
  • this modifies and packages the proteins these leave in secretory vesicles
  • these vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane by the process of exocytosis
24
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton

A
  • strengthing and support to maintain the shape of the cell and keeps cells in position
  • intracellular movement (within the cell) it aids transport by forming tracks which cells can move along
  • change cell shape
  • cellular movement via flagella and cilia
25
Q

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaroytes

A
  • 80s ribosomes = eukaroytes 70s = prokaroytes
  • linear DNA = eukaroytes circular DNA = prokaroytes
  • nucleus = eukaroytes no nucleus = prokaroytes
  • celluose/lignin = eukaroytes peptidoglycan = prokaroytes

Biology (12 decks)

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