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Biology topic 2: Cells > 2.1 Cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell structure Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

function of cell surface membrane

A
  • regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
  • has receptor molecules which allow response to chemicals
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2
Q

function of the nucleus

A
  • controls cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA
  • DNA contains instructions to make proteins
  • pores allow substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
  • nucleolus makes ribsomes
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3
Q

describe the nucleus

A
  • nucleus envelope > double membrane
    contains chromosomes and nucleolus
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4
Q

description of mitochondria

A
  • oval shaped
  • double membrane > inner is folded to form cristae
  • inside is the matrix > enzymes involved in respiration
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5
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration > produces ATP
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6
Q

description of chloroplast

A
  • double membrane
  • thylakoid membrane
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7
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site where photosynthesis takes place

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8
Q

description of golgi apparatus

A

group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs
contain vesicles

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9
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- makes lysosomes

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10
Q

description of golgi vesicle

A

small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm

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11
Q

function of golgi vesicle

A

stored lipids and proteins made by gfi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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12
Q

function of a lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes which can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell

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13
Q

function of a ribosomes

A

site where proteins are made

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14
Q

what ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells

A

80s

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15
Q

what are ribosomes made up of

A

proteins and RNA

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16
Q

description of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
surface covered with ribosomes

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17
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds and processes proteins that have been made at ribosomes

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18
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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19
Q

function of cell wall

A

supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

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20
Q

what is a cell wall made from in fungi

A

chitin

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21
Q

function of a cell vacuole

A

helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid

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22
Q

how are epithelial cells specialised

A
  • walls of small intestine have villi > increase surface area
  • epithelial cells on surface of villi have folds called microvilli > increase surface area
  • lots of mitochondria
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23
Q

how are red blood cells specialised

Study These Flashcards
A
  • biconcave so increases surface area to allow more o2 absorption
  • no nucleus > more haemoglobin can be stored
24
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

Study These Flashcards
A
  • contain lots of mitochondria
25
cell organisation
cell > tissue > organs > organ system
26
how are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic
- no membrane bound organelles - smaller ribosomes (70s in prokaryotic) - no nucleus (circular DNA that is free in cytoplasm, not associated with proteins) - cell wall with murein - some contain plasmids, capsule and flagella
27
how do prokaryotic cells replicate
binary fission
28
process of binary fission
1 - circular DNA and plasmids replicate 2- cells gets bigger, DNA loops move to opposite ends of the cell 3 - cytoplasm begins to divide 4 - two daughter cells are produced, each with one copy of the circular DNA
29
why are viruses acellular
- non living - nucleic acids surrounded by a protein
30
what are the cells viruses reproduce inside of called
host cells
31
structure of a virus
- no cell surface membrane, cytoplasm or ribosomes - contain a protein coat (capsid) with attachment proteins sticking out from it which allow the virus to cling onto a suitable host cell
32
how do viruses replicate
inject their DNA or RNA into a hose cell which then uses its own machinery to replicate the virus particles
33
what do attachment proteins bind to
complementary receptor proteins on the cell surface membrane on host cells
34
what is a eukaryotic cell
cell containing a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
35
what is a prokaryotic cell
cell that doesn’t contain membrane bound nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
36
what is resolution
the ability to distinguish between objects that are close together
37
what is magnification
how many times bigger the image is than the specimen
38
calculation for magnification
magnification = image / actual
39
light microscope
- use a pair of convex glass lenses that can resolve images up to 0.2um apart - this is because the wavelength of light is used which restricts the resolution a light microscope can resolve to
40
electron microscope
- use beam of electrons to form an image - in a vacuum so particles in air don’t deflect beam of electrons - more detailed images higher resolution
41
two types of electron microscopes
transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope
42
which microscope forms a 3d image
SEM
43
how does a transmission electron microscope work
beam of electrons pass through a thin section of specimen - areas that absorb electrons appear darker on the image produced
44
how does a scanning electron microscope work
beam of electrons is passed across a surface and scattered - pattern of scattering builds up a 3D image depending on the contours of the specimen
45
limitations of SEM and TEM
- whole system must be in a vacuum so loving specimens can’t be observed - complex staining process is required > artefacts could be introduced - specimens have to be thin - SEM has lower resolution than TEM
46
limitation of light microscope
- lower resolution than electron
47
how to prepare a sample to look at in a microscope
- pipette a small drop of water onto a slide - place a thin section of specimen on top of water drop - add a drop of stain - add cover slip ( at an angle to prevent air bubbles)
48
what stain is used in plant cells to see starch grains
iodine in potassium iodide
49
what are artefacts
anything you can see down the microscope that aren’t part of the cell or specimen you’re looking at - common in electron micrographs
50
what is cell fractionation
separating organelles within the cell
51
steps to cell fractionation
homogenisation filtration ultracentrifugation
52
process of homogenisation
- breaking up the cells to break up the plasma membrane and release organelles into solution
53
conditions during homogenisation
- solution must be kept cold (reduce enzyme activity) - isotonic (same concentration of chemicals as the cells being broken down to prevent damage to organelles - buffer should be aided to maintain pH
54
process of filtration
- homogenised cell solution is filtered through a gauze to separate large cells debris from organelles
55
process of ultracentrifugation
- cell fragments poured into a tube - tube is placed in a centrifuge and spun at low speed - heaviest organelles are flung to the bottom of the tube and form the pellet (thick sediment) - rest of organelles stay in the supernatent - supernatent purer into another tube and spun at higher speed > next heaviest organelle forms pellet - processes repeated for each organelle
56
order of seperation in cell fractionation
- nuclei - chloroplasts - mitochondria - lysosome - endoplasmic reticulum - ribosome

Biology topic 2: Cells (4 decks)

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