2.1 Cell Structure

Question 1

What is magnification

Answer 1

The number of times larger an image spears, compared to the size of the object

Question 2

What is the formula for magnification

Answer 2

Magnification (M) = 
Image size (I) / actual/object size

Question 3

What is resolution

Answer 3

The clarity of an image; the higher the resolution the clearer the image

Question 4

What is the graticule?

Answer 4

It is a microscope tool thing used to measure cells

Question 5

Why do we stain slides/specimen?

Answer 5

Stains are coloured chemicals that bind o molecules in or on the specimen, making the specimen easy to see.

Question 6

What is differential staining?

Answer 6

Staining each cell structure differently

Question 7

What is a micrograph?

Answer 7

An image taken from a microscope

Question 8

What is the nucleus?

Answer 8

• The cell’s control centre, contains chromatin (made from DNA and proteins)
• Largest organelle in a cell
• Contains nucleolus
• Creates RNA and ribosomes

Question 9

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 9

-The region at the centre off the nucleus that plays an important role in ribosome production

Question 10

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 10

• The site of fat and sugar digestion in the cell
• Produces energy
• The inner membrane is folded to increase the surface area for releasing energy from sugars and fats
• The outer membrane is smooth and featureless

Question 11

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 11

• Folded membranes extending throughout the cell, studded with ribosomes
• Helps transport materials through cell
• Site of protein manufacture

Question 12

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 12

-Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 13

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 13

• Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

- Makes lysosomes

Question 14

What is the lysosome?

Answer 14

-Contains digestive enzymes that aid in digestion and excretion of substances and worn-out organelles

Question 15

What are ribosomes?

Answer 15

-The site where proteins are made

Question 16

What is the centriole?

Answer 16

• Composed of 2 cylinders of tubules

- Essential to cell reproduction

Question 17

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 17

-Internal framework of the cell, comprised of microfilaments and hollow microtubules

Question 18

What is the cell wall?

Answer 18

• Is only found in plants

- Supports plant cells

Question 19

What is the vacuole?

Answer 19

-A sac that stores and transports ingested materials, waste products and water

Question 20

What is the chloroplast?

Answer 20

-The site where photosynthesis takes place

Some parts happen in the grana or the stroma(a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

Question 21

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 21

-A eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells that contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.

Question 22

What are examples of eukaryotes?

Answer 22

• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi

Question 23

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 23

-A large number of specialised membrane-bound organelles

Question 24

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 24

A prokaryote is any organism (usually single-celled whose DNA is suspended freely in the cytoplasm.

Question 25

What is the difference in the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 25

-Prokaryotes have simpler structures than eukaryotes, lacking organelles such as the nucleus, ER and golgi.

Question 26

What do all prokaryotes have in common?

Answer 26

- No nucleus - Very small (less than 2 micrometres in diameter) - Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (not cellulose like in plants)

Question 27

What are some examples of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 27

-Bacteria

Question 28

What is the importance of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 28

- The microtubules and microfilaments support the cell's organelles, keeping them in position - Help to strengthen the cell and maintain it's shape - Responsible for movement of materials within the cell - The proteins of the cytoskeleton cause the cell to move

Question 29

HOW DOES PROTEIN PRODUCTION HAPPEN?

Answer 29

- Proteins are made at the ribosomes (ribosomes sometimes at RER) - Folded+processed in the RER - Transported from the ER to the golgi apparatus in vesicles - At the golgi apparatus, proteins may undergo further processing - Proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell

Question 30

What are vesicles?

Answer 30

-Transports substances in and out of the cell + between organelles

Question 31

What does the plasma (cell surface) membrane do

Answer 31

- Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell | - Has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 32

Magnification formula

Answer 32

Image size/ / Object size