2.1 Cell Structure/Function

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells

Question 2

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 2

Smaller prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger ones
- overtime the small engulfed organisms became the internal organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 3

Symbiosis

Answer 3

2 different species live closely together and interact in a way that affects both of them

Question 4

Endosymbiosis

Answer 4

One Organism lives with another
- Explains the evolution of eukaryotic organisms in the endosymbiotic theory

Question 5

Proof of the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 5

1. The DNA inside mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is very similar to the DNA found in certain bacteria.
2. Chloroplasts (plant cell that does photosynthesis) look and act like bacteria (they were the ones bacteria that got swallowed)
3. Symbiotic relationships occur between bacteria and eukaryotes (bacteria in us to digest food)

Question 6

Types of Cells

Answer 6

1. Prokaryotes - Bacteria & Archea
2. Eukaryotes - Plants, Fungi, Protists, Animals

Question 7

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 7

Single-celled
No nucleus = DNA floats around
ribosomes, a cytoplasm, a cell wall/membrane, and a cytoskeleton
Move using Cilia/Flagella
No membrane bound organells

Question 8

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 8

Membranes divide the cells into compartments = organelles

Double layer of phospholipid membrane

Question 9

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic

Answer 9

Prokaryotes: No nucleus
- DNA in nucleoid
- Cytosol/Cytoplasm
No organelles other than Ribosome
Primitive (small)

Eukaryotes: Nucleus/ envelope
- Cytosol/Cytoplasm
- Membrane-bound organelles with specialized
- Much larger in size
- More complex

Question 10

Cilia

Answer 10

Tiny hairs that help move liquid around cell (P)

Question 11

Flagells

Answer 11

Tails for mobility (P)

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

maintenance of stable internal conditions

Question 13

Cell Membrane

Answer 13

In both P and E
Made of Phospholipids, Protein channels, and carbohydrates

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

in Both
Fluid in cell

Question 15

Cytoskeleton

Answer 15

In Both
Keeps shape and flexibility of cell

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Only In E
Contains the genetic material (DNA)

Question 17

Nucleolus

Answer 17

Only in E
Inside the nucleus/makes ribosomes

Question 18

Nuclear Pores

Answer 18

Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus (RNA leaves through pores)

Question 19

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 19

Lines the Nuclear envelope/ maines nucleus shape

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

In Both
Produce proteins

Question 21

Location of Ribosomes

Answer 21

Float around Cytosol
Outside of the ER or near a nuclear envelope

Question 22

Smooth ER

Answer 22

Only in E
makes Lipids
folded membranes
It does not contain ribosomes
Stores calcium ions
Detoxifies drugs

Question 23

Rough ER

Answer 23

Only in E
- Folded membranes
Transports proteins to Golgi apparatus
- Contains Ribosomes, some are which have sugars attached to them to help them get recognized by other cells (Glycoproteins)
Packs proteins into vesicles and sends them
- repairs cell membrane

Question 24

Golgi apparatus

Answer 24

Only in E
Sorts proteins made by ribosomes/ rough ER and ships them to the rest of the cell
- Manufactures macromolecules

Question 25

Mitochondria

Answer 25

Only in E Energy conversion to generate ATP - plants and animals

Question 26

Chloroplast

Answer 26

Only in E and Plants Energy conversion from light to glucose

Question 27

Chlorophyll

Answer 27

Inside chloroplasts in plant cells/reflect green light

Question 28

Cell Wall

Answer 28

Made of Cellulose Gives plants cells rigid structures / support

Question 29

Structure of Mitochondria

Answer 29

Smooth outer layer and folded inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 30

Cristae

Answer 30

ATP synthesis and Electron Transport Chain Allow for more surface area = more ATP

Question 31

Inner Membrane compartments

Answer 31

Intermembrane space and Mitochondrial matrix - Kerb Cycle

Question 32

Chloroplast Structure

Answer 32

Thylakoids stacked = Granum Chlorophyll = green pigment on Thylakoids absorbs all light except gree = reflects

Question 33

Thylakoids

Answer 33

Light reactions = use sunlight to make energy

Question 34

Stroma

Answer 34

Fluid around the Thylakoids

Question 35

Calvin Cycle

Answer 35

Happens in Stroma Uses the light energy made from Thylakoids to build sugars

Question 36

Lysosome

Answer 36

Only in E Contain Enzymes = digest organelles, bacteria, macromolecules (food) Work best in acidic environments Made from the rough ER and packaged by Golgi

Question 37

Phagocytosis

Answer 37

Cells engulf another cell and forms a food vacuole

Question 38

Vacuole

Answer 38

The place for plant cells to store materials for later needs

Question 39

Lysosomes and Vacuole

Answer 39

Lysosomes bind to that vacuole and break down the molecules

Question 40

Autophagy

Answer 40

Lysosome breaks down old organelles and reuses them for sm else

Question 41

Apoptosis

Answer 41

Cell kills itself bc it got too damaged or no longer needed = Lysosomes help - controlled

Question 42

Vacuole Types

Answer 42

Food Vacuoles = phagocytosis Contractile Vacuole = in Freshwater protists; pump excess water out of cell Central Vacooles = in plants; holds organic water and compounds