2.1 - classification and biodiversity

Question 1

what is meant by a phylogenetic method?

Answer 1

group organisms by the evolutionary history- e.g. organisms in the same group have a more closely related ancestor

Question 2

describe what is meant by a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 2

diagram showing evolutionary decent with living organisms at the tip and those in the drunk no longer exist

Question 3

draw the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms.

Answer 3

eubacteria,,,,,,,,,archaea ,, plants ,, animals ,, fungi

Question 4

in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are prokaryotes?

Answer 4

eubacteria and archaea

Question 5

in the phylogenetic tree of all living organisms what are eukaryotes?

Answer 5

plants, animals an fungi

Question 6

what is meant by taxonomy?

Answer 6

identification and naming of all organisms

Question 7

what is meant by a taxon?

Answer 7

any group within a system of classification (group of organisms)

Question 8

how does the hierarchy of biological classification go?

Answer 8

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 9

moving down the hierarchy from domain to species organisms in the species are more…?

Answer 9

closely related

Question 10

give an example of the taxon: domain.

Answer 10

Eukaryota

Question 11

give an example of the taxon: kingdom.

Answer 11

Animalia

Question 12

give an example of the taxon: phylum.

Answer 12

chordata

Question 13

give an example of the taxon: genus.

Answer 13

homo

Question 14

give an example of the taxon: species.

Answer 14

sapiens

Question 15

state 3 reasons why we need a classification system.

Answer 15

• allows us to infer on close relationships
• new animal discovered we can predict other features
• easier to communicate e.g. quicker to say bird rather tan vertebrae egg laying with beak and feathers

Question 16

what are the 3 domains of all living things?

Answer 16

eubacteria, archaea, eukaryota

Question 17

what is meant by eubacteria?

Answer 17

familier bacteria E - they are prokaryotes

Question 18

what is meant by archaea?

Answer 18

bacteria and have unusual metabolism

Question 19

what is meant by eukaryota?

Answer 19

plantae, animalia, fungi and protoctisa

Question 20

how do the 5 kingdoms classify their organisms?

Answer 20

basis of physical appearance

Question 21

what are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 21

prokaryota, plantae, Animalia, fungi and protoctisa; therefore the domain eukaryota makes up 4 of the kingdoms

Question 22

what is a phylum?

Answer 22

sub-group of a kingdom - members of each phylum have a distinct body plan

Question 23

what is a class?

Answer 23

sub-group of phylum

Question 24

what is a order?

Answer 24

sub-group of class

Question 25

what is a family?

Answer 25

a group within an order

Question 26

what is a genus?

Answer 26

group of similar organisms

Question 27

what is a species?

Answer 27

group of species sharing lots of physical features and able to interbreed to make fertile offspring

Question 28

what is meant by the kingdom: prokaryota?

Answer 28

contains all bacteria

Question 29

what is meant by the kingdom: protoctista?

Answer 29

plankton, algae, seaweeds

Question 30

what is meant by the kingdom: plantae?

Answer 30

mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Question 31

what is meant by the kingdom: fungi?

Answer 31

yeast, moulds (penicillium) and mushrooms

Question 32

what is meant by the kingdom: animaila?

Answer 32

range of body plans to which at some stage in life are mobile

Question 33

when deciding how closely related organisms are what do biologists look for?

Answer 33

homologous structure: similar bone structures although it may have different function

Question 34

what is an example of a homologous structure?

Answer 34

pentadactyl in the vertebrae. birds mammals amphibians reptiles have it but they all have different functions; flying swimming walking, this is DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

Question 35

what is an example of convergent evolution why?

Answer 35

butterfly sparrow bat- all have wings but one is a insect, a bird and a mammal. - do not share common ancestor but perform the same function

Question 36

what is an analogous structure?

Answer 36

have the same functions and similar shape but different developmental origins

Question 37

what is DNA analysis?

Answer 37

a method when two DNA base sequence are compared to see how closely related a species is

Question 38

what is DNA hybridisation and how is it done?

Answer 38

two DNA bases compared to work out how related are: DNA extracted , cut into fragments, then mixed, were they have complementary base sequences they will hybridise

Question 39

how can you assess how related a species is with immunology?

Answer 39

proteins compared: mix antigens of one species with antibodies of another, if they make a precipitate the more closely related they are

Question 40

when we are using the word species what are the two definitions we use to help describe it?

Answer 40

morphological and reproductive definition

Question 41

what is meant by the morphological definition?

Answer 41

look similarities but sexual dimorphism has to be taken into account

Question 42

what is meant by the reproductive definition?

Answer 42

if they can interbreed to make fertile offspring

Question 43

what is meant by the binomial system?

Answer 43

system giving organisms a unique name with two parts, the genus and species

Question 44

what are three advantages of the binomial system?

Answer 44

- unambiguous naming - based on Latin- can be used all over world - implies two species sharing part of name is closely related

Question 45

name three features of the binomial system?

Answer 45

1. genus is the first word and has a capital letter 2. species is second and does not have capital letter 3. when writing both names handwritten - has to be in italics and underlined

Question 46

what is the definition of biodiversity?

Answer 46

the number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specific region

Question 47

give an example of biodiversity.

Answer 47

plants grow at more light intensity - more in bright environment - an support more herbivores and therefore more carnivores

Question 48

what are three main reason biodiversity can increase or decrease?

Answer 48

1. succession- organisms change habitat making suitable more other species 2. natural selection 3. human influence

Question 49

give one example of how biodiversity has decreased because of human influences?

Answer 49

rivers polluted by industrial chemicals. Yangtze River dolphin declared extinct in 2006.

Question 50

how has humans also restored and enhanced biodiversity?

Answer 50

built built on river thames so fish seals and even dolphins could live there

Question 51

what are the issues of biodiversity decreasing?

Answer 51

- small number of plants that provide food - medicinal drugs derived from plants and fungi - living organisms proved raw materials- cotton

Question 52

what is a genes position on a chromosome called?

Answer 52

its locus

Question 53

when does the locus show polymorphism?

Answer 53

if it has two or more alleles

Question 54

DNA fingerprints shows a lot of variation when...?

Answer 54

there is a biodiverse population

Question 55

what is meant by natural selection?

Answer 55

gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in population in response to the environment

Question 56

give an example of a anatomical trait of a shark.

Answer 56

streamlined body - more efficient catching food or escaping predators

Question 57

give an example of a physiological trait of a plant.

Answer 57

leaves fall off in autumn - do not lose water by transpiration - not at risk of dehydration throughout winter

Question 58

give an example of a behavioural trait of a flamingo.

Answer 58

put on a elaborate dance - increases animal chance of reproducing