2.1 Earthquakes And Volcanoes

Question 1

Crater

Answer 1

Depression at the top of a volcano following a volcanic eruption. It may contain a lake

Question 2

Lava

Answer 2

Molten magma that has reached the earths surface.

May be liquid or may have solidified

Question 3

Shield volcano

Answer 3

Gently sloping volcano produced by very hot runny lava

Question 4

Cone volcano

Answer 4

Steeply sloping volcano produced by thick lava

Question 5

Ash

Answer 5

Very fine grained volcanic material

Question 6

Cinders

Answer 6

Small sized rocks and coarse volcanic materials

Question 7

Magma

Answer 7

Molten rock within the earth

Question 8

Magma chamber

Answer 8

Reservoir of magma located deep inside volcano

Question 9

Pyroclastic flow

Answer 9

Super hot (700 Celsius) flows of ash, pumice (volcanic rocks) and steam at speeds of over 500 km/h

Question 10

Vent

Answer 10

Channel through which volcanic material is ejected

Question 11

Dormant

Answer 11

Volcanoes which have not erupted for a very long time but could erupt again

Question 12

Active

Answer 12

A volcano currently showing signs of activity

Question 13

Extinct

Answer 13

A volcano which has shown no signs of activity in historic times

Question 14

Intensity

Answer 14

Power of an earthquake is generally measured using Richter scale or sometimes the Mercalli scale

Question 15

Richter Scale

Answer 15

Open ended scale to record magnitude of earthquakes - the higher the number or the scale, the greater the strength of the earthquakes

More small EQ than larger

Question 16

Mercalli scale

Probably not needed

Answer 16

Relates to ground movement to commonplace observations of ie light bulbs, book cases and building damage

Question 17

Epicentre

Answer 17

Point on the earths surface directly above focus of an earthquake
Strength of the shock waves generally decrease away from the epicentre

Question 18

Focus

Answer 18

Position within earth where an earthquake occurs,
Earthquakes may be divided into shallow focus and deep focus earthquakes depending on how far below the earths surface they occur

Question 19

Describe difference between composite volcanoes and shield volcanoes

Answer 19

Question 20

7 major tectonic plates

Answer 20

Eurasian
North American
South American 
African
Indo-Australian 
Pacific 
Antarctic

Question 21

Minor plates

Tectonic

Answer 21

Caribbean
Juan de Fuca
Cocos
Aegean
Adriatic
Turkish

Question 22

World map of tectonic plates

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe 4 processes at plate boundaries

Answer 23

Question 24

Give causes of earthquakes and volcanoes

Answer 24

Nuclear testing
Weight of large dams
Drilling for oil / fracking

Question 25

Earthquake primary, secondary hazards and impacts

Answer 25

Question 26

Volcanoes direct, indirect hazards and socio-economic impacts

Answer 26

Question 27

Opportunities provided by volcanoes

Answer 27

New land and islands for people to live Fertile soils Soils rich in minerals Important as tourist destinations

Question 28

Give main ways to deal with earthquakes | Reducing impact

Answer 28

Better forecasting and warning Building location Building design Emergency procedured

Question 29

Predicting earthquakes

Answer 29

``` Small-scale ground surface changes Ground tilt Changes in rock stress Micro-earthquake activity Changes in radon gas concentration Unusual animal behaviour, esp. toads ```