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MT6324 LEC : CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > 2.1 : Endocrinology > Flashcards

2.1 : Endocrinology Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of glands

A
  • endocrine
  • exocrine
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2
Q

It is the type of gland that secretes substances into the blood stream

A

Endocrine gland

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3
Q

It is the type of gland that secretes substances into a surface usually thru a duct

A

Exocrine gland

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4
Q

T or F: The endocrine system is composed of glands with ducts that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the bloodstream for use throughout the body.

A

False (ductless glands!!)

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of Endocrine system

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Growth & Develoment
  4. Response to stress
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6
Q

Majority of the endocrine system’s feedback mechanism is __________ feedback

A

Negative feedback

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7
Q

It is the type of feedback that secretes hormones to oppose a certain condition; either decreases an elevated stimulus or increase to increase a a decreased stimulus

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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8
Q

It is the type of feedback mechanism wherein it increases a certain hormone despite it having an already increased level

e.g.: oxytocin

A

Positive feedback mechanism

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9
Q

These are released in response to a stimuli

A

Hormones

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10
Q

What is the simplified flow of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland (Anterior/Adenohypophysis or Posterior/Neurohypophysis)
  3. Endocrine Glands
  4. Release of Effector hormones
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11
Q

It is a network of ductless glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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12
Q

It is known as the master gland

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

It is the gland that secretes various hormones that would stimulate the endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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14
Q

What are the two types of hormones that the hypothalamus releases

A
  • releasing hormone
  • inhibiting hormone
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15
Q

What are some of the releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus?

A
  • Gonadotropin-RH (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin-RH (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin-RH (TRH)
  • Prolactin-RH (PRH)
  • Growth Hormone-RH (GHRH)
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16
Q

What are some of the inhibiting hormones that are being secreted by the hypothalamus and are stored at the posterior PG (Neurohypophysis)

A
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin (Positive Feedback)
  • Stomatostatin
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17
Q

What are the two parts of pituitary gland?

A
  • Posterior PG / Neurohypophysis
  • Anterior PG / Adenohypophysis
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18
Q

It is the extension of the anterior PG that is unable to secrete or stimulate the production of hormone and is used only for storage

A

Posterior PG / Neurohypophysis

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19
Q

This gland releases tropic hormones

A

Pituitary gland

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20
Q

These are hormones that influence the various endocrine glands to secrete hormone for certain target organs and do not directly affect the target organ

A

Tropic hormones

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21
Q

FSH and LH are what types of tropic hormones

A

Gonadotropins

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22
Q

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is what type of tropic hormones

A

Corticotropin

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23
Q

It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis) however is not a tropic hormone and is already an effector cell itself

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

What is being inhibited by somatostatin that is secreted by the hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone

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25
What is being inhibited by somatostatin that is secreted by the **pancreas (delta cells of langerhans)**
Insulin (hyperglycemic hormone)
26
What secretes (synthesize and release) the releasing hormones which stimulate the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) to also produce and release FSH/LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, and GH?
Hypothalamus
27
It is the main link between the nervous and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
28
What releases ADH/AVP and oxytocin to the neurohypophysis or the posterior pituitary gland where they are being stored
Hypothalamus
29
What is the target organ of the effector hormone **ADH/Arginine Vasopressin**
Kidney
30
What is the target organ of the effector hormone Oxytocin
Mammary gland
31
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the anterior PG to secrete ______ & _______
- Prolactin - TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
32
Gonadotropin-releasing RH (GnRH) stimulates the anterior PG to secrete ______ & _______
- LH (luteinizing hormone) - FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
33
Somatostatin inhibits the release of _____ & _______ from the pituitary
- Insulin (if released by the langerhans) - Growth hormones (if released by hypothalamus)
34
Aside on its effects on **water metabolism**, **vasopressin/ADH** can also stimulate the secretion of ______
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
35
What is the main stimulus for ACTH secretion?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
36
Prolactin release is being inhibited by _______
Dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor)
37
This process is controlled under posterior pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis
38
This process is controlled under anterior pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
39
T or F: The posterior PG has **no capacity** to synthesize any hormone
True
40
What are the hormones that are released by the hypothalamus that enhances or controls the anterior PG to release the other hormones (clue: RH)
- GnRH - CRH - TRH - PRH - GHRH
41
GnRH stimulates the anterior PG to secrete ______ & ______
- LH - FSH
42
CRH stimulates the anterior PG to secrete ______
ACTH
43
PRH stimulates the anterior PG to secrete ______
Prolactin
44
What is the target organs of the hormones FSH/LH
Gonads (ovary, testes)
45
What is the target organs of the hormones ACTH
Adrenal cortex (Zona fasiculata)
46
What is the target organs of the hormone prolactin
Mammary gland
47
What is the target organs of the hormones GH
Liver (and all other components of our body)
48
What are the hormones that is synthesized by the Anterior PG (Adenohypophysis)
- GH - Prolactin - ACTH - FSH/LH - TSH
49
T or F: The anterior PG has the CAPACITY to produce and release hormones with the influence coming from the other glands.
False (without the influence of other glands)
50
This part of the PG has no ability to release the ADH and oxytocin into the blood circulation
Posterior PG
51
This is the storage gland of ADH and oxytocin
Neurohypophysis
52
This hormone promotes the renal absorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys
ADH
53
This hormone is stored and released by the neurohypophysis, then it will target the mammary cells since it ejects milk
Oxytocin
54
T or F: ADH and Oxytocin just passed by ONLY through Neurohypophysis
True
55
T or F: The **nervous system** and **endocrine system** are **closely interrelated** and both involved intimately in maintaining **homeostasis**
True
56
Two important systems in the regulation of homeostasis
Neuroendocrine system
57
58
T or F: Hormones secreted by hypothalamus are not released into the bloodstream
True (it only goes to the next gland (pituitary gland)
59
What type of signal does the endocrine system uses
Chemical signals via hormones
60
What type of signal does the nervous system uses
Electrical signals via nerve/neural impulses
61
Endo or Nervous: Has a widespread effect since it affects metabolism
Endocrine system
62
Endo or Nervous: Has a localized effect since it affects metabolism
Nervous system
63
Endo or Nervous: Has fast signal transmission but short-lived effect
Nervous system
64
Endo or Nervous: Has slow signal transmission (since it travels thru bloodstream) but longer effect
Endocrine system
65
Release their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at synapses
Neurons
66
These cells are involved in synthesis of hormones (hypophyseal cells & hypophysiotropic cells)
Neurosecretory cells
67
What are the 3 parts that comprises the endocrine system
- hypothalamus - pituitary gland - endocrine gland
68
Controls the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that stimulate or suppress hormone secretion of pituitary
Hypothalamus
69
These are tropic hormone that influences the reproductive glands (ovary & testes)
FSH/LH
70
This specific gonadotropic hormone is responsible for the development of egg cells (ovary) and spermatozoa (testes)
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
71
This specific gonadotropic hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of the effector hormones: Female: Estrogens & Progesterone Male: Testosterone
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
72
What is the effector hormone produced by the stimulation of adrenal cortex (Zona fisculata) by the corticotropin, ACTH
Cortisol
73
What are the effector hormones secreted when the thyroid gland is stimulated by TSH
T3 - Triiodothyronine T4 - Thyroxine
74
What is the effector hormone produced when the liver and various other parts of the body are stimulated by GH
Somatomedin C (insulin like GF1)
75
This hormone directly influences the uterus during labor for uterine contraction (positive feedback mechanism)
Oxytocin
76
These types of hormones are lipids derived from **cholesterol** and are usually bound to proteins (since they are hydrophobic) in order to be transported
Steroid hormones
77
What are examples of steroid hormones?
(S-C-A-T-E-P-AD3) Reproduce hormones - Estrogen - Progesterone - Testosterone Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol (Zona fasiculata) - Aldosterone ( Zona glomerulosa) Others - Activated vitamin D3 - Androgens
78
These hormones are also known as amino acid derivatives and are specifically related to tyrosine (precursor of cathecolamines)
Biogenic amines
79
The initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to ____________ by the enzyme **tyrosine hydroxylase**
3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)
80
In the production of tyrosine, __________ is part of the sympatoadrenal axis
Adrenal medulla
81
What are some examples of Biogenic amines?
(A-M-E-N-T3-T4-D) Adrenal Medulla (catecholamines) - Dopamine - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine Tyrosine-derived - T3: Triiodothyronine - T4: Thyroxine
82
These hormones are synthesized by **Rough ER** and mostly hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Peptides and proteins
83
T or F: All peptide hormones are hydrophilic and unable to cross the plasma membrane alone = cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells
True
84
What are some examples of peptides and proteins
Effector hormones - Oxytocin - Glucagon - Insulin Others - ACTH - Calcitonin - GH - PTH
85
These hormones are amino acid derivatives with**carbohydrate** groups
Glycoproteins
86
What are some examples of glycoproteins
(Leah TraSHes HEr Fish) - TSH - FSH - LH - EPO (kidneys for RBC prod.) - HCG (pregnancy test, tumor marker)
87
These hormones are fatty acids with 20 carbon atom fatty acid, involved in cellular activity
Eicosanoids
88
What are some examples of eicosanoids
(LET the Pros) - Leukotrienes - Thromboxanes - Prostaglandin
89
Secreted in the hypothalamus and known as the hypophyseal hormones; Promote secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones
Releasing hormones
90
Secreted in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract; Suppress the secretion of a particular hormone
Inhibitory hormones
91
Stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands
Tropic hormones
92
Secreted by endocrine glands but with nonendocrine cells as targets
Effector hormones
93
Type of hormone that act or acts directly on themselves
Autocrine
94
Type of hormone that acts adjacent to the cells of origin
Paracrine
95
Type of hormone that is secreted in one location and release into blood circulation
Endocrine

MT6324 LEC : CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1 decks)

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