2.1 - The effect of CF on the lungs

Question 1

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 1

inherited condition that causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system, affects cell membranes

Question 2

What is genotype?

Answer 2

the genes found on the chromosomes

Question 3

What is phenotype?

Answer 3

the physical character expressed

Question 4

What is homozygous?

Answer 4

having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene

Question 5

What is heterozygous?

Answer 5

having 2 different alleles of a particular gene

Question 6

What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 6

A mutation in the gene which makes CFTR protein

Question 7

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 7

Chronic diarrhoea, digestive problems and chest infection

Question 8

What are the treatments of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 8

Gene therapy, heart/lung transplant, antibiotics and physiotherapy

Question 9

What are the air sacs in the lungs called?

Answer 9

alveoli

Question 10

What are the three type of airways?

Answer 10

trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 11

What cells make mucus?

Answer 11

goblet cells

Question 12

Why is the trachea always open?

Answer 12

The rings of cartilage stops the trachea from collapsing so therefore is always open

Question 13

What part of the trachea allows the trachea to be flexible?

Answer 13

The gaps between the rings of cartilage are filled by the trachealis muscle, elastic fibre and the lumen

Question 14

How are bronchioles different from bronchi?

Answer 14

There are no goblet cells in the bronchioles but there are clara cells

Question 15

Squamous epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?

Answer 15

• where: inner lining of all blood vessels and alveoli

- adaption: the cells are thin to allow the rapid exchange of substances.

Question 16

Columnar epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?

Answer 16

where: small intestines the epithelial cells extend out from the basement membrane, to form columnar epithelium.
adaption: the surface facing the intestine lumen is normally covered in microvilli, which greatly increases the surface area.

Question 17

Ciliated epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?

Answer 17

where: the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
adaption: The epithelium lining of these structures are more precisely named as pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells. This is due to the basal and columnar not forming distinct layers (if they did they would be titled stratified)

Question 18

What is a graticule?

Answer 18

A graticule is a small transparent disc with a ruler etched onto its surface, placed in the eyepiece

Question 19

What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium?

Answer 19

cilia removes mucus

Question 20

What is the function of goblet cells?

Answer 20

produce mucus to trap bacteria

Question 21

Function of cartilage?

Answer 21

The cartilage stops the trachea from collapsing so the airway is always open, holds airway open

Question 22

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Answer 22

relaxation and constriction of the airway to change their diameter

Question 23

What is the function of elastic tissue?

Answer 23

allows the lungs to contract and recoil when breathing out

Question 24

What does lung surfactant do?

Answer 24

• reduces the work required to breathe

- when babies are born prematurely they lack lung surfactant which makes it difficult to breathe