2.1 Vertebrate Reproductive Strategies

Question 1

What is Reproduction?

Answer 1

It is the production of a new generation of organisms from an existing generation.

Question 2

What is the ultimate goal of each species?

Answer 2

It is to produce the maximum number of surviving offspring while using the least amount of energy

Question 3

What is reproductive effort?

Answer 3

It is to produce the maximum number of surviving offspring while using the least amount of energy

Question 4

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

It is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring if produced by a single parent

Question 5

What types of animals reproduce asexually?

Answer 5

Microscopic animals reproduce asexually

Question 6

Name 2 benefits of asexual reproduction

Answer 6

1. It requires little energy

2. Involves only one parent

Question 7

Does sexual or asexual reproduction require most energy?

Answer 7

Sexual

Question 8

Name 9 reproductive strategies

Answer 8

1. External fertilisation
2. Internal fertilisation
3. Ovipary
4. Ovovivipary
5. Vivipary
6. Amniotic egg
7. Precocial Development
8. Altricial Development
9. Parental Care

Question 9

What is a strategy in terms of living animals?

Answer 9

It is their genetically determined behaviour

Question 10

Why are reproductive strategies developed?

Answer 10

• In order to enable species to breed successfully

- to ensure that offspring survives till reproductive age

Question 11

What is fertilisation?

Answer 11

It is the joining of the nucleons of an egg and a sperm

Question 12

Sperm are —- as they are able to swim

But eggs do not —-

Answer 12

Motile

Move

Question 13

Where does internal fertilisation take place?

Answer 13

In the water

Question 14

What type of fertilisation do aquatic animals use?

Answer 14

External fertilisation

Question 15

Why is external fertilisation not ideal? (2)

Answer 15

1. It is wasteful - lots of eggs are produce from which most are eaten
2. Fertilisation is not certain

Question 16

How does external fertilisation maximise reproduction? (2)

Answer 16

• huge number of eggs and sperm are released

- courtship rituals ensure that male and female gametes are close to each other

Question 17

Why is a huge number of eggs and sperm are released in external fertilisation?

Answer 17

• it increases the probability of fertilisation

- it ensures that enough eggs will be fertilised and grow into adults

Question 18

Where is most of the reproductive energy spent in external fertilisation?

Answer 18

• almost all of the energy is spent in the production of the eggs

Question 19

What type of fertilisation do terrestrial vertebrates use?

Answer 19

Internal fertilisation

Question 20

Describe the process of internal fertilisation. (2)

Answer 20

• male gamers are released directly into body of the female

- eggs are fertilised inside her body

Question 21

How do birds and reptiles mate?

Answer 21

• males and females line up their cloacae

Males