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Mikey's RHS > 2103 - Physical, Cultural, Chemical, Biological Control > Flashcards

2103 - Physical, Cultural, Chemical, Biological Control Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions - Weed

A

A plant growing in the wrong place

  • Annual
  • Perennial
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2
Q

Definitions - Pest

A

Multi-cellular animal which damages cultivated plants.

  • invertebrates
  • vertebrates
    eg. insect, bird, mammal, nematode, mollusc, mite
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3
Q

Definitions - Disease

A

An infectious micro-organism causing a harmful disturbance of normal functions.
eg. Fungus, bacterium, virus

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4
Q

Definitions - Disorder

A

Abnormal plant growth or damage, usually arising from environmental conditions. (or Nutrient Deficiencies)
No biological vector involved, not infectious, not a disease.
Eg. Frost, Scorch, Bleaching

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5
Q

Types of control for P&D

A
  • Physical
  • Cultural
  • Chemical
  • Biological
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6
Q

Physical control - examples (the worker)

A

Physical control is a direct action to prevent, control or remove pests, diseases, or weeds.
(direct physical action)
eg.
- cutting off infected parts of plants and correct pruning
- Use of barriers to protect and prevent access of pests. (soft fruit netting)
- Hoeing or forking out weeds
- Many techniques used in organic growing systems

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7
Q

Physical Control - advantage/limitations

A

Pro

  • Environmentally safe, no pesticide use
  • No pests resistance can build up
  • Often preventative, eliminating crop damage

Con

  • does not allow for total control of P&D and weeds
  • labour intensive and expensive/prohibitive on a large scale
  • knowledge of P&D lifecycle is necessary
  • physical removal or pests may damage crops
  • Pest barriers may obstruct cultivation access
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8
Q

Cultural Control - example (the boss)

A

Management of the growing environment to control or prevent Pests, Disease and Weeds.
eg.
- cleaning, sterilising tools, machinery, footwear (not importing/exporting PDW)
- Crop rotation to prevent build up of PDW (also balance out nutrient deficiencies in soil)
- increase glasshouse humidity to reduce two spotted red spider mite
- decrease glasshouse humidity to prevent Botrytis, dampening off
- control pH to prevent Club Root in brassicas
- Managing soil fertility
- Companion planting (three sisters method)
- P&D resistant cultivars (Daucus carota ‘Flyaway’)

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9
Q

Cultural Control - advantage/limitations

A

Pro

  • Can be environmentally safe, no pesticide use
  • Less chance of resistance build up

Con

  • Does not allow for total control of P&D&W
  • Can be labour intensive/expensive
  • requires expertise, knowledge of P&D lifecycle
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10
Q

Biological Control - example (natural predators)

A

The control of Pests and Disease by the introduction of living natural predators, parasites or pathogens.
Widely available for a range of Pests but not available for Disease control.
eg.
- Predatory wasp for glasshouse whitefly
(Encarsia formosa)
- Predatory mite to control glasshouse Spider Mites
(Phytoseiulus persimilis)
- Nematodes for the control of slugs, snails and Vine Weevil
- beneficial soil fungus protect roots against soil borne fungal pathogens
- Mycorrhizal fungus to protect hardwood transplant from disease

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11
Q

Biological Control - advantage/limitations

A

Pro

  • No build up of resistance to P&D
  • no chemical residue
  • very specific target action (avoids killing other predators and beneficial organisms)
  • less hazardous to humans and other species
  • no crop damage from the control

Cons

  • Does not eradicate problem
  • will expect a certain level of damage from the pest
  • requires specific conditions for control to work, temperature, moisture
  • requires knowledge of P&D life cycles and identification of correct stage
  • Limits use of other control (pesticides)
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12
Q

Chemical Control - (pesticides)

A

The prevention of Pests, Disease & Weeds by the use of pesticides.

types:

  • Herbicide (weedkillers)
  • Insecticides (insects)
  • Fungicides (Fungus)
  • Acaricide (Mites)
  • Nematicides (Nematodes)

Available in a wide range of formulas, soluble, liquids, powders, dust, granules, smokes

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13
Q

Chemical Control - advantage/limitations

A

Pro

  • Can be selectively aimed at pest (if operated correctly)
  • Often v. fast acting
  • Wide range for varying circumstances
  • reduced labour costs and time
  • may have ongoing protection/preventative action

Con

  • Pest resistance can build up
  • Considerable environmental damage (waterways, etc)
  • Potential death of beneficial insects
  • Can be Toxic to humans and other animal
  • expertise and often accreditation required to apply
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14
Q

Integrated Pest Managements

A

Using a combination of Physical, Cultural, Biological and Chemical control methods.
The aim of Integrated Pest Management is to minimise the use of pesticides, but still allows them where necessary.
This method reduces the risk to the work force, consumers, wild-life, environment and crops.
Also helps prevent the build up of resistance.

(limiting in that use of Pesticides must work along side other controls, without negating their use, ie killing biological controls)

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15
Q

Chemical Control - Herbicide Spectrum

A

Total Weedkiller - kills all green plants (Glyphosate)

Selective - kills a particular group of plants eg. broadleaf not grasses (2,4-D)

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16
Q

Chemical Control - Herbicide Contact

A 
Contact -
Kills the part of plant which is touched by it
Fast Acting
Suitable for Annual Weeds
Not so suitable for Perennial Weeds

Eg. 2,4-D

17
Q

Chemical Control - Herbicide Translocated

A

Translocated -
Chemical gets into the plant (phloem) and is moved through the plants system to eg. meristem areas.
Kills the whole plant
Suitable for both Annual and Perennial weeds

Eg. Glyphosate

18
Q

Chemical Control - Herbicide Residual

A

Residual - Soil based, surpasses germination or is toxic to emerging seedlings.
Suitable for young plants

Eg. Lenacil

19
Q

Chemical Control - Pesticide Spectrum

A

Broad Spectrum - Active against a broad range of species (may be harmful to beneficial species)
- Acetamiprid, Fatty Acids (SB Plant Invigorator- whitefly, aphids)

Selective - more targeted, active against a limited range of species
- Primicarb (aphids)

20
Q

Chemical Control - Pesticide Contact

A

Contact - Works where the chemical touches or is directly ingested by the pest.

- Pyrethrum
 Fatty Acids (SB Plant Invigorator)
21
Q

Chemical Control - Pesticide Systemic

A

Systemic - Absorbed into the plant, sap-sucking insect will ingest it.

  • Acetamiprid, Good for aphid control.
22
Q

Economic Damage Threshold

A
  • an acceptable level of damage to the crop by pest, disease & weeds whereby, implementing control measures may be more expensive than any financial gains from control.

Eg. Two spotted spider mite on Cucumbers
The mite will damage the leaves rather than the fruit. But once a certain threshold of leaf damage occurs the plant will be less productive and control action must be taken.

Mikey's RHS (30 decks)

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