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APWH > 1-100 > Flashcards

1-100 Flashcards

0
Q

Identify two revolutionary innovations in human societies during the Neolithic period?

A

Farming, domestication of animals, cities, pastoralism

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1
Q

What was the primary economic activity of human subsistence during the Paleolithic era?

A

Hunting and gathering

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2
Q

Describe the division of labor between men and women in Paleolithic societies.

A

Men: hunting and fishing, toolmakers.
Women: gathering, medicine

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3
Q

What materials did Paleolithic people in central Russia use for dwellings?

A

Mammoth bones

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4
Q

Name the first Neolithic settlements whose economy was based upon agriculture.

A

Catal Huyuk, Jericho

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5
Q

What was the greatest threat to settled communitites?

A

Nomadic peoples raiding them

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6
Q

What were some of the specialized occupations that first came into existence in the Neolithic era?

A

Artisan, priest

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7
Q

Name one way in which the history of Harappa differed from Sumerian or Egyptian societies.

A

It did not survive the natural catastrophes or nomadic invasions and disappeared.

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8
Q

What form of economic activity characterized Aryan society?

A

Pastoralism

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9
Q

Along which river were Harappa and Mohenjodaro located?

A

Indus River

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10
Q

What is the name given to the seasonal winds that bring moisture to India?

A

Monsoons

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11
Q

What river basin system did Aryans settle and develop a new Indian civilization?

A

Ganges River Basin

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12
Q

What were the three main social groups of Aryan bands on the Indian subcontinent?

A

Warriors, priests, and commoners - slaves/serfs

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13
Q

Indian society is divided into rigid castes or Varnas. What are they?

A

Priests [Brahmins], Warriors [Kshatriyas], Merchants, Farmers/peasants, Untouchables/Dasas

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14
Q

Identify two world religions that emerged from Indian civilizations.

A

Hinduism and Buddhism

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15
Q

What is the name given to the fine-grained yellow-brown soil deposited by powerful winds from Central Asia?

A

Loess

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16
Q

What activity related to agriculture contributed to the rise of China’s first civilizations and rulers?

A

Irrigation and flood control projects along the yellow river

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17
Q

Identify the key features of Shang Chinese civilization.

A

Tripod cooking vessels, divination bones, domestication of silkworms, ancestor worship

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18
Q

Identify two areas of diffusion for Chinese culture.

A

Japan, Korea, Vietnam

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19
Q

Identify two categories of nomads besides horse nomads.

A

Reindeer herding, camel, cattle herders

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20
Q

What would most likely cause a change in the migratory pattern if nomadic people?

A

Change in climate, drought

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21
Q

Identify key inventions of nomadic peoples.

A

Stirrups, mouth bits, reins, and saddles, trousers, hats with ear flaps

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22
Q

What different roles have pastoral people played with regard to sedentary civilizations?

A

Traders, mercenaries, raiders

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23
Q

What environments were suitable for pastoral nomadism, but not agriculture?

A

Steppe, savannah, desert

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24
Q

Who was the famous Islamic historian who invented the theory of the 3-4 generation cycle for dynasties founded by nomadic warriors?

A

Ibn Khaldun

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25
Q

What things were transmitted across Eurasia on the silk roads with the help of nomadic pastoralists?

A

Buddhism, Islam, artistic motifs, paper, saddles, bits, bow an arrow, chariots, crops/plants, diseases

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26
Q

Describe the “shi”.

A

Scholar-bureaucrat, educated-enlightened administrator

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27
Q

What was Confucius’ occupation?

A

Teacher, social philosopher

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28
Q

What was Confucius’ collected sayings?

A

Analects

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29
Q

According the the Confucius’ philosophy, society was held together by bonds of loyalty and obedience between…

A

Father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, ruler and subject, friend and friend

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30
Q

Which dynasty reunified china following the Zhou?

A

Qin

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31
Q

Who was the first emperor of china?

A

Shi Huangdi

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32
Q

What book did Sunzi write?

A

The art of war

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33
Q

What became the dominant ideology of Han China?

A

Confucianism

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34
Q

What social class wS created when the shi and local landlord families became linked through marriage and promotion?

A

Scholar-gentry

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35
Q

Name the Chinese inventions that were developed during the Han dynasty.

A

Shoulder collar, wheelbarrow, improved iron tools, brush and paper, water mills, rudders and compasses

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36
Q

Besides silk, what luxury products did the Chinese develop during the Han dynasty that figured prominently in trade?

A

Lacquerware and porcelain

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37
Q

What is an eunuch?

A

A castrated male who were guardians if the emperors wives and concubines

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38
Q

What new social group gained power in the later Han?

A

Eunuchs

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39
Q

What was the name of the elite class of Romans that made up the senate, and who did they elect?

A

Patricians -consuls

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40
Q

What was the name of the class of ordinary roman citizens and who did the elect?

A

Plebeians - tribunes

41
Q

What city [colony] was Rome’s main rival in the 2nd century BCE?

A

Carthage

42
Q

Who was the famous general who invaded Italy with an at that included war elephants, and where was he from?

A

Hannibal - Carthage

43
Q

What was the key theme in roman history in the 2nd century BCE?

A

Political expansion

44
Q

Which roman ruler effectively ended the roman republic?

A

Julius Caesar

45
Q

Who was the roman poet who wrote an epic poem that linked roman history and mythology with the great stories from Homer’s Iliad and odyssey - and what was the name of his work?

A

Vergil - Aeneid

46
Q

How did Rome’s administration of it’s empire differ from that of Han China?

A

No bureaucracy or professional civil service; development of codes of law

47
Q

What were the secrets of success to Rome’s imperial administration?

A

Systematic law, military organization, tolerance for local autonomy

48
Q

How did the oppression of women in roman society compare to Greece or China?

A

Less oppression

49
Q

Why institution differentiated labor in the Mediterranean world from that in china or India?

A

Slavery

50
Q

What was one of the negative consequences of Rome’s reliance on slave labor?

A

Lack of technological innovation in manufacturing and agriculture

51
Q

What religions were the Mauryan and Gupta empires associated with?

A

Buddhist and Hindu respectively

52
Q

Which river system was the post-Harrapan Indian civilization centered on?

A

Ganges

53
Q

What was the name of the class of priests who held power and high status in Indian society?

A

Brahmins

54
Q

What is the name of the sacred texts of Hinduism recorded by Brahmin priests in the last centuries BCE?

A

Vedas

55
Q

What is the Hindu concept that defined a persons duty to his caste and life path?

A

Dharma

56
Q

Name two distinguishing characteristics if the early human inhabitants of the Americas.

A

Genetic and linguistic similarities; physical isolation from afroeurasia, isolation from afroeurasian disease pools

57
Q

Name three crops that were first domesticated in the Americas.

A

Maize, squash, beans, peppers, potatoes, manioc, avocados

58
Q

Where are the two major cultural hearths in the Americas?

A

Mesoamerica and Peru

59
Q

What is the name of the “mother civilization” of mesoamerica that is best known for it’s large stone sculptures of heads?

A

Olmec

60
Q

What is the name of the first major urban center in the valley of Mexico?

A

Teotihuacan

61
Q

What were the two major achievements of Mayan civilization?

A

Calendar and writing

62
Q

Name two North American cultures that were identified by the construction of large mounds.

A

Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian

63
Q

What was the name the Navajo have to the ancient pueblo peoples who inhabited the four corners region of the south west?

A

Anasazi

64
Q

What region is given for the sudden disappearance of the ancient pueblo peoples in the southwest?

A

Prolonged drought

65
Q

Historian David Landes writhe about a ‘revolution in time’ caused by the development and spread of accurate clocks and time keeping in Europe. What did he relate this development of timekeeping to?

A

Work discipline

66
Q

Identify pre-Incan highland cultures if the Andes.

A

Chavin, Tihuabaco, Hauri

67
Q

Identify pre Colombian costal cultures in the Andes.

A

Nazca, Moche, Chimu

68
Q

What was the name of the basic kinship groups in Andean society?

A

Ayllu

69
Q

Define “convergence”.

A

People in different places often work out similar solutions to similar problems - parallel invention without diffusion

70
Q

What was the name of the African people who migrated and settled throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Bantu

71
Q

Identify two sub-Saharan African kingdoms.

A

Ghana and Mali, Songhay, Kanem-Bornu

72
Q

What is the name of the African kingdom that existed in present day Ethiopia and adopted Christianity?

A

Axum

73
Q

What was the source of wealth in west African sub-Saharan kingdoms?

A

Gold

74
Q

What are the three tests that Stearns proposes for determining a new period in world history?

A

The world map much be changed significantly, new contacts must be established between civilizations, new parallelisms must arise in pattern displayed by major civilizations

75
Q

By whom and over what route was Buddhism introduced into China?

A

Silk merchants, missionaries, from the Silk Road

76
Q

Following the fall if the Han dynasty, what was the next dynasty to reunite china?

A

Sui

77
Q

What was the name of the northern regional princes in India?

A

Rajputs

78
Q

What were some of the unique problems associated with the decline of the Roman Empire?

A

Dependence on expansion, slave labor, weak leadership/succession

79
Q

Identify the two most distinctive cultural features of Islamic civilization.

A

Belief in Islam/teachings of Muhammad, Arabic language [of the Koran]

80
Q

What was the name given to the camel and goat warding people of the Arabian desert?

A

Bedouin

81
Q

What was the most artistic achievement of Bedouin culture?

A

Poetry

82
Q

What was Muhammad’s occupation before his revelations?

A

Caravan trader

83
Q

Which clan ruled Mecca?

A

Umayyad

84
Q

To which city did Muhammad flee in 622 CE?

A

Medina

85
Q

What is the word that describes the community of the faithful in Islam?

A

Umma

86
Q

List the five pillars of Islam.

A

1-confession of faith in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet
2-to pray five times a day
3-fast during the month of Ramadan
4-pay zakat, a charity of the poor
5-make a pilgrimage to hajj to Mecca once in a life time

87
Q

What is the term given to the political and religious leader of the Islamic community or state?

A

Caliph

88
Q

Why were the two empires that the Arab armies invaded and took territory from?

A

Sassanian [persian], and Byzantine

89
Q

Identify the two major factions within the Islamic religion.

A

Sunnis and Shi’is

90
Q

What was the term for Muslim converts during the Umayyad dynasty?

A

Mawali

91
Q

What was the term given to Jews and Christians who were nonmuslim, but still considered “people of the book”?

A

Dhimmis

92
Q

What was the head tax that nonmuslims had to pay?

A

Jizya

93
Q

What are the traditions and sayings of the prophet Muhammad called?

A

Hadith

94
Q

What causes does Stearns offer for the relatively strong position of women in Bedouin and Islamic society?

A

Where authority is decentralized and social organization is not highly stratified, women tend to enjoy more rights; their immediate connection with agriculture and stock raising is central to survival, their prominent roles in fertility rituals and religious cults. Civilization tends to work against women’s rights.

95
Q

What was the name of the dynasty that succeeded the Umayyad dynasty?

A

Abbasid

96
Q

Where did the Umayyad clan flee and find the only surviving Umayyad caliphate?

A

Spain/Andalusia

97
Q

What city was the capital of the Abbasid caliphate?

A

Baghdad

98
Q

What was the term/title given to the chief administrator of the caliph?

A

Wazir/vizier

99
Q

Which ethnic/linguistic group soon came to dominate the imperial administration of the Abbasid empire?

A

Persians

APWH (5 decks)

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